TABLE I.

Patient Characteristics in the DRAM Groups

	Normal	At Risk	Distressed Depressive	Distressed Somatic	P Value
Mean age (range) (yr)	63.05 (15.3-79.6)	56.72 (15.7-78.5)	58.58 (31.4-82.0)	63.31 (40.7-74.2)	0.3383*
Sex (no.)					0.4552†
Female	28	11	7	9
Male	28	11	6	3
Diagnosis (no.)					0.934‡
Cervical radiculopathy	7	0	1	2
Cervical spondylotic myelopathy	2	1	0	0
Lumbar radiculopathy	13	3	2	3
Lumbar spinal stenosis	20	10	6	5
Thoracolumbar deformity	5	3	2	0
Trauma	2	1	0	0
Back/neck pain	7	3	2	2
Other	0	1	0	0
Visit type (no.)					0.0175§
New	27	13	6	8
Return	6	1	4	4
Postop.	23	8	3	0

^*Analysis of variance.

^†Chi-square test.

^‡Fisher exact test—simulated.

^§Fisher exact test.