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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 May 13.
Published in final edited form as: IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 2015 May;62(5):896–904. doi: 10.1109/TUFFC.2015.7001

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

General pulse scheme used to study the effect of bubble removal pulses on histotripsy erosion of model kidney stones. (a) Representative waveform acquired from the 500 kHz histotripsy transducer at low power (below the cavitation threshold). The histotripsy pulse P- used for stone treatments is estimated to be 45 MPa. (b) Partial segment of the 1500 µs bubble removal pulse; all bubble removal pulses had a center frequency of 1 MHz, and MI set to either 0 or 1. (c) Overall timing of the experimental pulse scheme. A 500 µs delay was imposed following histotripsy pulse firing to allow the bubble cloud to collapse in an unimpeded manner.