Table 4. Results of pre-tests (N = 30) and post-tests (N = 32) for students’ perception of competencies in pharmaceutical care practices.
| Each question was prefixed by “with the pharmaceutical care course, I feel able to…” | PretestMean (SD) | PosttestMean (SD) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Conduct a complete anamnesis in a patient | 2.03 (1.13) | 3.38 (1.01) | <0.001 |
| 2. Assess patient records | 2.83 (1.02) | 3.94 (0.50) | <0.001 |
| 3. Measure clinical parameters (e.g., blood pressure, capillary blood glucose) | 2.27 (1.20) | 4.03 (0.90) | <0.001 |
| 4. Identify drug-related problems | 2.83 (0.99) | 3.94 (0.50) | <0.001 |
| 5. Classify drug-related problems | 2.60 (1.10) | 3.91 (0.47) | <0.001 |
| 6. Differentiate real and potential drug-related problems | 2.37 (0.96) | 3.66 (0.65) | <0.001 |
| 7. Prioritize drug-related problems | 2.70 (0.92) | 3.88 (0.61) | <0.001 |
| 8. Develop a pharmacotherapeutic plan for the patient | 2.73 (1.11) | 3.59 (0.67) | 0.002 |
| 9. Conduct pharmacotherapeutic interventions | 2.63 (1.07) | 3.78 (0.66) | <0.001 |
| 10. Assign priority levels for pharmacotherapeutic interventions | 2.50 (1.01) | 3.88 (0.66) | <0.001 |
| 11. Monitor drug related problems | 2.80 (1.03) | 4.00 (0.57) | <0.001 |
| 12. Adapt the plan of care to specific needs of patients | 2.70 (0.92) | 3.81 (0.59) | <0.001 |
| 13. Determine when to perform the next counseling and what specific information should be collected | 2.67 (0.96) | 3.75 (0.72) | <0.001 |
| 14. Establish monitoring parameters with patients | 2.60 (1.07) | 3.91 (0.53) | <0.001 |
| 15. Search evidence-based health information to provide patient pharmaceutical care | 3.03 (1.10) | 4.16 (0.72) | <0.001 |
| 16. Promote patient adherence to pharmacotherapy | 3.23 (1.17) | 4.00 (0.62) | 0.001 |
| 17. Talk about health issues with patients or their caregivers | 3.03 (1.13) | 3.94 (0.56) | <0.001 |
| 18. Counsel patients about how and when to take their medications, the duration of pharmacotherapy, precautions and side effects | 3.40 (1.16) | 4.16 (0.68) | 0.002 |
| 19. Counsel patients on the proper use of products for self-monitoring and self-diagnosis (e.g., blood glucose monitors) | 2.40 (1.00) | 4.00 (0.72) | <0.001 |
| 20. Educate patients about behaviors that promote health, maintain wellness, prevent and control disease | 3.43 (0.97) | 4.28 (0.58) | 0.001 |
| 21. Communicate with patients or their caregivers | 3.33 (1.12) | 3.97 (0.90) | 0.004 |
| 22. Communicate with other health professionals | 3.07 (1.05) | 3.84 (0.72) | 0.002 |
| 23. Detect nonverbal signals during patient care | 2.70 (0.92) | 3.31 (0.82) | 0.001 |
| 24. Listen to patients | 3.67 (0.96) | 4.16 (0.77) | 0.009 |
| 25. Document completely methods of pharmaceutical care practice | 2.80 (1.16) | 3.75 (0.62) | <0.001 |
Likert scale: 1 = “Strongly Disagree”; 2 = “Disagree”; 3 = “Neither Agree Nor Disagree”; 4 = “Agree”; 5 = “Strongly Agree.”