Table 1.
Baseline clinical history and lifestyle characteristics categorized by BMI
| Characteristicsa | Total N = 2,273 |
BMI <25 N = 216 |
25–29.9 N = 776 |
30–34.9 N = 733 |
35–39.9 N = 347 |
≥40 N = 202 |
P Valueb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex: female (row %) | 100% | 10% | 29% | 31% | 17% | 13% | <0.001 |
| Sex: male (row %) | 100% | 9% | 36% | 33% | 14% | 7% | |
| Age at entry | 62.4 ± 8.9 | 62.6 ± 8.8 | 63.4 ± 8.9 | 62.8 ± 8.7 | 61.0 ±9.2 | 58.5 ± 8.3 | <0.001 |
| Race: white (row %) | 100% | 7% | 34% | 34% | 16% | 9% | <0.001 |
| Race: black (row %) | 100% | 8% | 30% | 35% | 16% | 12% | |
| Race: Hispanic (row %) | 100% | 18% | 35% | 28% | 13% | 5% | |
| Race: others (row %) | 100% | 21% | 52% | 14% | 8% | 5% | |
| Years since DM diagnosisc | 10.4 ± 8.6 | 11.1 ± 8.7 | 10.5 ± 8.6 | 10.3 ± 8.8 | 10.1 ± 8.8 | 10.1 ± 8.0 | 0.7 |
| Positive medical history | |||||||
| Myocardial infarction | 32% | 36% | 34% | 31% | 30% | 26% | 0.1 |
| Congestive heart failure | 6.6% | 5.7% | 4.8% | 6.0% | 5.8% | 17.4% | <0.001 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 82% | 77% | 80% | 85% | 83% | 83% | 0.06 |
| Hypertension | 83% | 73% | 79% | 85% | 86% | 92% | <0.001 |
| Chronic renal dysfunction | 3% | 1% | 2% | 3% | 5% | 3% | 0.03 |
| Number of relevant drug classes (For the indicated diagnoses) | |||||||
| Dyslipidemia | 0.89 ± 0.57 | 0.79 ± 0.50 | 0.86 ± 0.56 | 0.94 ± 0.57 | 0.93 ± 0.55 | 0.87 ± 0.62 | 0.002 |
| Hypertension | 2.23 ± 1.03 | 1.88 ± 1.0 | 2.06 ± 0.96 | 2.29 ± 1.02 | 2.44 ± 1.07 | 2.65 ± 1.0 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 1.57 ± 0.86 | 1.44 ± 0.83 | 1.52 ± 0.82 | 1.56 ± 0.87 | 1.67 ± 0.91 | 1.78 ± 0.92 | <0.001 |
| Current use of insulin | 28% | 19% | 23% | 28% | 33% | 42% | <0.001 |
| Smoking status | |||||||
| Current smoker | 12% | 16% | 13% | 11% | 10% | 11% | 0.21 |
| Former smoker | 55% | 52% | 56% | 55% | 54% | 54% | 0.86 |
| Number of years smoked | 18.2 ± 17.2 | 19.0 ± 17.5 | 19.3 ± 17.5 | 18.3 ± 17.1 | 17.0 ± 17.2 | 15.1 ± 15.5 | 0.02 |
| Physical activity level | |||||||
| Sedentary | 22% | 27% | 19% | 20% | 22% | 32% | 0.004 |
| Mild | 42% | 36% | 42% | 43% | 44% | 38% | |
| Moderate | 34% | 33% | 36% | 35% | 30% | 28% | |
| Strenuous | 3% | 3% | 3% | 2% | 4% | 1% | |
| Exercise regularly | 26% | 33% | 29% | 25% | 19% | 19% | <0.001 |
| Alcohol use status | |||||||
| Regular alcohol drink | 24% | 21% | 27% | 24% | 20% | 20% | 0.05 |
| History of binge drink | 11% | 10% | 10% | 11% | 13% | 9% | 0.54 |
a
Data are shown as row % for sex and race, as column % of those categorized as “yes” for all other binary variables where “yes” or “no” answers were used and as mean ± s.d. for continuous variables.
b
For categorical variables, Pearson χ2-tests were performed to test the general associations with the BMI categories. For continuous variables, F-test was performed to test the differences of means among the BMI categories.
c
Years since diabetes diagnosis are estimated.