Table 1. Mother- child characteristics by pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity status, Rhea pregnancy cohort, Crete, Greece.
| Pre-pregnancy obesity status | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| No excess weight | Overweight/Obese | P- value a | |
| (n = 409) | (n = 209) | ||
| Maternal characteristics | |||
| Maternal age at delivery (yr), mean (SD) | 29.87 (0.2) | 29.98 (0.3) | 0.891 |
| Education, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Low | 49 (12.0) | 54 (25.8) | |
| Medium | 208 (50.9) | 102 (48.8) | |
| High | 152 (37.2) | 53 (25.4) | |
| Greek origin, n (%) | 384 (93.9) | 199 (95.2) | 0.499 |
| Primiparous, n (%) | 194 (47.4) | 70 (33.5) | 0.001 |
| Smoking during pregnancy, n (%) | 126 (30.8) | 70 (33.5) | 0.497 |
| Gestational diabetes, n (%) | 32 (8.4) | 18 (9.2) | 0.758 |
| Gestational hypertension, n (%) | 15 (4.0) | 14 (7.1) | 0.106 |
| Gestational weight gain (kg), n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Inadequate | 114 (27.9) | 15 (7.2) | |
| Adequate | 155 (37.9) | 81 (38.8) | |
| Excessive | 140 (34.2) | 113 (54.1) | |
| Caesarian section, n (%) | 195 (48.0) | 115 (55.0) | 0.100 |
| Metabolic profile in early pregnancy (n = 348) | |||
| Glucose (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 74.93 (0.7) | 76.10 (1.2) | 0.341 |
| Insulin (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 9.33 (0.9) | 12.75 (1.5) | <0.001 |
| TC (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 195.49 (2.3) | 203.87 (3.7) | 0.025 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 113.87 (1.8) | 123.14 (3.0) | 0.008 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 60.18 (0.9) | 55.42 (1.3) | 0.007 |
| TG (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 108.04 (2.8) | 126.23 (4.8) | <0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg), mean (SD) | 105.06 (0.5) | 109.92 (0.8) | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg), mean (SD) | 69.27 (0.5) | 71.31 (0.7) | 0.013 |
| Child characteristics in infancy | |||
| Sex, girl, n (%) | 201 (49.1) | 93 (44.5) | 0.274 |
| Birth weight (kg), mean (SD) | 3.20 (0.02) | 3.21 (0.03) | 0.887 |
| Gestational age (weeks), mean (SD) | 38.32 (0.07) | 38.08 (0.11) | 0.123 |
| Duration of breastfeeding (months), mean (SD) | 4.69 (0.2) | 3.44 (0.3) | <0.001 |
| Day care attendance in the first 2 years of life, n (%) | 79 (19.5) | 36 (17.3) | 0.518 |
| Child characteristics at 4 years of age | |||
| BMI (Kg/m2), mean (SD) | 16.11 (0.08) | 16.93 (0.15) | <0.001 |
| Overweight/obese, n (%) | 74 (18.1) | 60 (28.7) | 0.002 |
| Waist circumference (cm), mean (SD) | 52.90 (0.2) | 54.66 (0.4) | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference ≥90th pct, n (%) | 35 (8.7) | 37 (17.9) | <0.001 |
| Sum of skinfolds (mm), mean (SD) | 37.78 (0.7) | 43.29 (1.1) | <0.001 |
| TC (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 156.39 (1.5) | 158.97 (2.0) | 0.247 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 69.98 (27.4) | 69.58 (26.7) | 0.856 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 47.17 (0.6) | 47.78 (0.8) | 0.518 |
| TG (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 69.69 (1.5) | 70.40 (2.1) | 0.690 |
| Time spent watching TV (hours/day), n (%) | 0.019 | ||
| Almost never | 124 (30.5) | 52 (25.0) | |
| 1–2 hours/day | 251 (61.8) | 126 (60.6) | |
| More than 3 hours/day | 31 (7.6) | 30 (14.4) | |
| Energy intake (Kcals/day), mean (SD) | 1583.5 (23.0) | 1594.3 (32.1) | 0.752 |
BMI, Body Mass Index; TC, Total Cholesterol; LDL-C, Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol; HDL-C, High Density
Lipoprotein Cholesterol; TG, Triglyceride; CRP, C-reactive protein; SBP, Systolic Blood Pressure; DBP, Diastolic Blood Pressure; pct, percentile
a P-values obtained by Mann-Whitney U test for two independent samples, and χ2 test or Fisher exact test with Monte-Carlo correction.
Numbers may not correspond to the total due to missing numbers.