Fig 7. The ranking of African elephant mandibles using the Age Reference Point (ARP) and Age Reference Line (ARL) to denote molar progression, occlusal view.

A) Four jaws at rank M5L8, i and iv are females and ii and iii males. B) Four jaws at rank M6L5, i and ii are male mandibles, ii and iv are female mandibles. NB The L1 of M6 is often not visible in early occlusal wear (just visible in ‘iv’) but can be identified on tooth extraction. C) Two jaws (i male and ii female) at M6L8, and two jaws (iii male and iv female) at M6 + 1cm. Yellow line = ARL.