Table 1.
The clinical characteristics and ambulatory blood pressure measurements of the study population in males.
| Without hypertension | With essential hypertension | ANOVA | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal weight (n = 41) | Normal weight (n = 119) | Obese (n = 117) | p value | |
| Age (years) | 49.4 ± 14.4 | 49.5 ± 16.7 | 45.7 ± 12.9 | 0.177 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.7 ± 1.69 | 22.5 ± 1.81 | 28.2 ± 3.16∗,+ | <0.001 |
| Office systolic BP (mmHg) | 126.5 ± 18.4 | 138.8 ± 19.9 | 142.3 ± 15.8∗ | 0.027 |
| Office diastolic BP (mmHg) | 76.3 ± 16.7 | 79.3 ± 11.9 | 82.0 ± 12.8∗ | 0.003 |
| Fasting blood sugar (mg/dL) | 98.1 ± 11.1 | 100.5 ± 17.2 | 104.5 ± 29.5 | 0.493 |
| Hemoglobin (mg/dL) | 13.9 ± 1.64 | 14.4 ± 1.55 | 14.9 ± 1.33∗ | 0.002 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 171.9 ± 40.3 | 177.2 ± 37.0 | 185.5 ± 35.7∗ | 0.016 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 104.2 ± 38.6 | 93.5 ± 38.9 | 93.5 ± 38.9 | 0.064 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 50.1 ± 15.8 | 50.2 ± 13.8 | 47.0 ± 12.7 | 0.071 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 109.9 ± 54.0 | 119.6 ± 65.1 | 155.3 ± 92.2∗,+ | <0.001 |
| HR daytime (/min) | 74.2 ± 8.68 | 76.6 ± 10.4 | 79.9 ± 13.5∗ | 0.123 |
| BPs daytime (mmHg) | 121.3 ± 6.91 | 144.0 ± 12.9∗ | 146.6 ± 13.3∗ | <0.001 |
| BPd daytime (mmHg) | 76.9 ± 3.87 | 92.8 ± 9.98∗ | 96.4 ± 11.6∗,+ | <0.001 |
| HR nighttime (/min) | 60.8 ± 8.52 | 63.9 ± 9.98 | 66.5 ± 10.1∗ | 0.005 |
| BPs nighttime (mmHg) | 111.5 ± 8.21 | 133.7 ± 14.6∗ | 133.7 ± 14.4∗ | <0.001 |
| BPd nighttime (mmHg) | 69.1 ± 4.69 | 83.1 ± 9.90∗ | 84.6 ± 13.8∗ | <0.001 |
| 24-hour mean HR (/min) | 70.6 ± 8.18 | 72.3 ± 12.9 | 76.3 ± 11.3∗,+ | 0.014 |
| 24-hour mean HR SD | 15.5 ± 5.52 | 15.1 ± 8.69 | 16.1 ± 6.65 | 0.397 |
| 24-hour systolic BP (mmHg) | 118.6 ± 6.66 | 141.3 ± 12.4∗ | 143.4 ± 13.1∗ | <0.001 |
| 24-hour diastolic BP (mmHg) | 74.7 ± 3.29 | 90.4 ± 9.36∗ | 93.7 ± 11.2∗,+ | <0.001 |
| 24-hour systolic BP SD | 13.7 ± 4.23 | 14.6 ± 4.07 | 15.3 ± 4.36∗ | 0.138 |
| 24-hour diastolic BP SD | 11.0 ± 3.61 | 12.8 ± 3.84∗ | 13.7 ± 4.67∗ | 0.002 |
| Nondipper | 3 (7.3%) | 50 (42%)∗ | 62 (53.0%)∗,+ | <0.001 |
All values are presented as the mean ± SD. EFT: epicardial fat thickness; BP: blood pressure; LDL: low density lipoprotein; HDL: high density lipoprotein; HR: heart rate; BPs: systolic blood pressure; SD: standard deviation; BPd: diastolic blood pressure; ∗ p < 0.05 versus normotensive normal weight; + p < 0.05 versus hypertensive normal weight.