Table 1.
(a) Univariate analysis of pre-operative factors on delayed gastric emptying (DGE). (b) Univariate analysis of intra- and post-operative factors on DGE (Grade B or C)
| Variable | No DGE (n = 318) n (%) or mean ± SD | DGE a(n = 98) n (%) or mean ± SD | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| (a) | |||
| Demographics | |||
| Mean age (years ± SD) | 61.2 ± 13.7 | 62.2 ± 13.6 | 0.89 |
| Gender | 0.21 | ||
| Male (n) | 152 (48) | 54 (55) | |
| Female (n) | 166 (52) | 44 (45) | |
| Race | 0.02 | ||
| White | 277 (87) | 94 (96) | |
| Black/other | 40 (13) | 4 (4) | |
| Malignancy | 0.11 | ||
| No | 87 (27) | 35 (36) | |
| Yes | 231 (73) | 63 (64) | |
| Mean tumour size (cm ± SD) | 3.0 ± 1.9 | 2.9 ± 1.7 | 0.22 |
| Patient comorbidities | |||
| ASA class | 0.04 | ||
| 2 | 87 (27) | 16 (16) | |
| 3 | 205 (65) | 77 (79) | |
| 4 | 25 (8) | 5 (5) | |
| BMI | 0.02 | ||
| <35 | 295 (93) | 83 (85) | |
| ≥35 | 23 (7) | 15 (15) | |
| DM | 0.63 | ||
| No | 238 (75) | 78 (80) | |
| Yes | 80 (25) | 20 (20) | |
| CAD | 0.40 | ||
| No | 265 (83) | 78 (80) | |
| Yes | 53 (17) | 20 (20) | |
| CHF | 0.41 | ||
| No | 302 (95) | 95 (97) | |
| Yes | 16 (5) | 3 (3) | |
| Cirrhosis | 0.38 | ||
| No | 315 (99) | 96 (98) | |
| Yes | 3 (1) | 2 (2) | |
| Smoking history | 0.20 | ||
| No | 169 (54) | 45 (46) | |
| Yes < 5 pack-years | 53 (17) | 24 (24) | |
| Yes > 5 pack-years | 92 (29) | 29 (30) | |
| Patient characteristics | |||
| Pre-op Biliary Stent | 0.31 | ||
| No | 160 (51) | 55 (57) | |
| Yes | 155 (49) | 42 (43) | |
| Albumin (gm/dl) < 4.0 | 0.51 | ||
| No | 155 (49) | 44 (45) | |
| Yes | 163 (51) | 54 (55) | |
| Pre-op bilirubin (mg/dl ± SD) | 3.3 ± 5.9 | 2.7 ± 5.2 | 0.15 |
| Pre-op Chemotherapy | 0.25 | ||
| No | 301 (95) | 90 (92) | |
| Yes | 16 (5) | 8 (8) | |
| Pre-op radiation | 0.77 | ||
| No | 306 (97) | 94 (96) | |
| Yes | 11 (3) | 4 (4) | |
| Gastric outlet obstruction | 0.94 | ||
| No | 263 (83) | 81 (83) | |
| Yes | 54 (17) | 17 (17) | |
| Pre-op weight loss | 0.30 | ||
| No | 184 (58) | 51 (52) | |
| Yes | 133 (42) | 47 (48) | |
| (b) | |||
| Whipple reconstruction | 0.06 | ||
| Standard | 125 (39) | 32 (33) | |
| Pylorus-Preserving (PPPD) | 51 (16) | 26 (26) | |
| PPPD + Pyloroplasty | 142 (45) | 40 (41) | |
| Path of reconstruction | 0.41 | ||
| Antecolic | 187 (79) | 53 (73) | |
| Retrocolic | 45 (19) | 19 (26) | |
| Unknown | 5 (2) | 1 (1) | |
| PJ Stent | 0.25 | ||
| No | 164 (52) | 44 (45) | |
| Yes | 154 (48) | 54 (55) | |
| Vascular resection | 0.82 | ||
| No | 263 (83) | 82 (84) | |
| Yes | 55 (17) | 16 (16) | |
| Estimated blood loss (cc) | 632 ± 576 | 718 ± 635 | 0.23 |
| Blood products given | 0.40 | ||
| No | 222 (70) | 64 (65) | |
| Yes | 96 (30) | 34 (35) | |
| Operative time (h) | 0.05 | ||
| <5.5 | 122 (38) | 27 (28) | |
| >5.5 | 196 (62) | 71 (72) | |
| Prophylactic Octreotide | 0.11 | ||
| No | 219 (69) | 59 (60) | |
| Yes | 99 (31) | 39 (40) | |
a
ISPGS Grade B or C.
ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; BMI, body mass index; DM, diabetes mellitus; CAD, coronary artery disease; CHF, congestive heart failure.