Table 2.
Literature survey of micrometeorological methanol flux studies and the net land methanol flux derived from global budget studies compared to the results of the present study.
| Methanol flux (nmolm−2s−1) | Vda (cms−1) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vegetation type | Method | Average | SD | Median | Maximum | Minimum | ||
| Ecosystem-scale studies | ||||||||
| Schade and Custer (2004) | bare agricultural soil | EC | 4.6 | 0.0 | 0.1–0.4 | |||
| Custer and Schade (2007) | Rye grass | EC | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.1 | 1.5 | −0.6 | ~ 0.1 |
| Warneke et al. (2002) | Alfalfa crop | DEC | 4.7 | 34.7 | 0.0 | |||
| Schade et al. (2011) | Deciduous forest | REA | 5.0 | −3.6 | 1.1 | |||
| Karl et al. (2003) | Mixed deciduous forest | vDEC | 6.1 | 19.9 | −1.7 | |||
| Spirig et al. (2005) | Mixed deciduous forest | vDEC | 4.0 | −1.1 | ||||
| Baker et al. (2001) | Coniferous forest | REA | 56.0 | −12.0 | ||||
| Karl et al. (2005) | Coniferous forest | vDEC | 2.8 | 0.9 | 1.0 | |||
| Rinne et al. (2007) | Coniferous forest | vDEC | 1.4 | 3.7 | 0.1 | |||
| Park et al. (2014) | Pine forest | vDEC | 4.2 | |||||
| Karl et al. (2004) | Tropical rainforest | vDEC | 4.8 | −0.9 | 0.3 | |||
| Langford et al. (2010a) | Tropical rainforest | vDEC | −0.3 | 2.6 | −0.6 | |||
| Davison et al. (2009) | Mediterranean macchia | vDEC | 3.7 | |||||
| Park et al. (2013) | Orange orchard | EC | 1.7 | |||||
| Fares et al. (2012) | Citrus orchard | vDEC | 0.26–2.74 | 10.0 | −5.0 | |||
| Brilli et al. (2014) | SRC poplar plantation | EC | 1.4 | 1.0 | ||||
| Misztal et al. (2011) | Oilpalm plantation | vDEC | −0.4 | 0.9 | −0.2 | 3.0 | −3.1 | |
| Velasco et al. (2005) | Urban | vDEC | 9.0 | |||||
| Langford et al. (2009) | Urban | (v)DEC | 4.7 | 6.2 | 4.3 | |||
| Velasco et al. (2009) | Urban | vDEC | 12.8 | 6.3 | ||||
| Langford et al. (2010b) | Urban | vDEC | 8.3 | 8.1 | 8.2 | |||
|
| ||||||||
| Global average net land flux b | ||||||||
| Heikes et al. (2002) | 1.8 | 0.4 | ||||||
| Galbally and Kirstine (2002) | 0.7 | 0.1 | ||||||
| Tie et al. (2003) | 1.3 | |||||||
| Jacob et al. (2005) | 0.8 | 0.2 | ||||||
| Millet et al. (2008) | 0.6 | 0.4 | ||||||
| Stavrakou et al. (2011) | 0.6 | |||||||
|
| ||||||||
| This study | ||||||||
| Blodgett Forest | Coniferous forest | REA | 23.9 | 36.9 | 11.3 | 228.7 | −23.1 | 1.8 |
| Missouri Ozark | Deciduous forest | vDEC | 0.9 | 2.1 | 0.5 | 16.2 | −9.0 | 0.3 |
| Harvard Forest | Mixed deciduous forest | vDEC | 0.7 | 1.5 | 0.3 | 9.5 | −2.5 | 1.0 |
| Vielsalm | Mixed deciduous forest | vDEC | −0.1 | 2.2 | −0.1 | 19.3 | −20.7 | 1.9 |
| Oensingen-INTc | Grassland | vDEC | 1.7(1.9) | 2.0(2.6) | 1.0(1.1) | 12.4(29.8) | −1.5(−1.5) | 0.1 |
| Oensingen-EXTc | Grassland | vDEC | 2.8(4.4) | 3.1(9.0) | 1.7(2.0) | 18.4(110.9) | −2.9(−6.3) | 0.2 |
| Neustiftc | Grassland | vDEC | 1.5(1.8) | 2.1(4.2) | 0.8(0.8) | 22.1(155.1) | −9.7(−9.7) | 0.5 |
| Stordalen | Wetland | vDEC | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 4.2 | −1.5 | 0.7 |
a
average nighttime deposition velocity
b
the net land flux was derived by summing emissions from plants, decay of plant matter, biomass burning, anthropogenic activities and subtracting dry and wet deposition to land, dividing by the land area (133.8 × 1012 m2) and converting from mass to molar basis using 32gmol−1
c
values in parenthesis include data influenced by site management events.