Table 4.

Standardized Annual Utilization of Outpatient Services Associated with Pediatric Pre-Hypertension and Hypertension, without Controlling for Comorbidity (N=208,800 child-years)

	Normal BP Mean (SE)	Pre-HT Mean (SE)	Hypertension Mean (SE)	P-Value
Number of Annual Outpatient Visits
Preventive or Office / Outpatient Visit	2.0 (.01)	2.5 (.01)	3.1 (.06)	<.001
Outpatient Psychiatry and Psychology	.4 (.01)	.5 (.01)	.6 (.07)	<.001
Annual Percent with Service Use
Emergency Department	11.7% (.1%)	14.5% (.1%)	21.6% (.6%)	<.001
Specialist Consultation	6.5% (.1%)	8.4% (.1%)	10.9% (.4%)	<.001
Annual Percent with Diagnostic Testing
Urinalysis	12.1% (.1%)	13.8% (.1%)	18.9% (.6%)	<.001
Laboratory Blood Testing	7.3% (.1%)	7.1% (.1%)	7.8% (.4%)	.895
Chest X-Ray	5.2% (.1%)	6.5% (.1%)	8.9% (.4%)	<.001
Electrocardiogram	1.9% (.1%)	2.3% (.1%)	4.0% (.3%)	<.001
Renal Ultrasound	1.0% (.1%)	1.3% (.1%)	2.6% (.2%)	<.001
Echocardiogram	.2% (.1%)	.3% (.1)	.8% (.1%)	.006

Note: The P-value tests the hypothesis that normal BP < PreHT < HT.