Table 4.

Associations between race/ethnicity and continuous HbA1c in the overall population and within individual drug regimens

Treatment	Model 1* Per cent difference (95% CI)	Model 2† Per cent difference (95% CI)	Model 3‡ Per cent difference (95% CI)
Overall population (n=682)
Black	6.18 (−1.00 to 12.75)	5.13 (−1.00 to 11.63)	6.18 (−1.00 to 13.88)§
Hispanic	3.05 (−3.92 to 10.52)	3.05 (−3.92 to 9.42)	1.01 (−9.52 to 12.75)§
White	Reference	Reference	Reference
Biguanides only (n=174)
Black	11.63 (1.01 to 22.14)	11.63 (1.01 to 24.61)	3.05 (−5.82 to 12.75)
Hispanic	9.42 (−1.00 to 19.72)	9.42 (0.00 to 20.92)	10.51 (−2.96 to 25.86)
White	Reference	Reference	Reference
Insulin only (n=120)
Black	10.52 (−5.82 to 28.40)	6.18 (−7.69 to 23.37)	4.08 (−5.82 to 15.03)
Hispanic	10.52 (−5.82 to 28.40)	0.00 (−13.06 to 15.03)	8.33 (−14.79 to 37.71)
White	Reference	Reference	Reference
Biguanides combined with insulin or sulfonylureas (n=140)
Black	−1.98 (−14.79 to 11.63)	5.13 (−9.52 to 11.63)	−0.09 (−13.85 to 15.86)
Hispanic	−2.96 (−14.79 to 10.52)	5.13 (−9.52 to 11.63)	−2.96 (−16.47 to 12.75)
White	Reference	Reference	Reference
Other miscellaneous drug regimens (n=123)
Black	11.63 (1.01 to 23.37)	10.52 (0.00 to 20.92)	23.37 (7.25 to 43.33)
Hispanic	2.02 (−1.98 to 16.18)	1.01 (−11.31 to 15.03)	10.52 (−10.42 to 36.34)
White	Reference	Reference	Reference

*Estimates are adjusted for gender and age.

†Estimates are adjusted for gender, age and BMI.

‡Estimates are adjusted for gender, age, BMI, education, adequate health literacy, private insurance, income, physical activity, diet, caloric intake and DM duration.

§Additionally adjusted for treatment regimens: biguanides only, insulin only, biguanides combined with insulin or sulfonylureas, and other regimens.

BMI, body mass index; DM, diabetes mellitus; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin.