Table 5.
Multivariable linear regression analyses results for percentage change in HbA1c levels in the overall population* (N=682)
| Variable | Percentage change in HbA1c levels (95%CIs) |
|---|---|
| Race/ethnicity | |
| Black | 6.18 (−1.00 to 13.88) |
| Hispanic | 1.01 (−10.42 to 12.75) |
| White | Reference |
| Income | |
| <$20 000 | 2.02 (−8.61to 13.88) |
| $20 000–$49 999 | 1.01 (−7.69to 9.42) |
| $50 000+ | Reference |
| Gender | |
| Male | −1.98 (−6.76to 4.08) |
| Female | Reference |
| Private insurance† | |
| Yes | 2.02 (−6.76to 11.63) |
| No | Reference |
| Age | |
| ≥65 | −14.79 (−22.12to −7.69) |
| 55–64 | −14.79 (−21.34to −6.76) |
| 34–54 | Reference |
| BMI category | |
| Overweight (25≥BMI<30) | −3.92 (−15.63to 8.33) |
| Obese (BMI≥30) | −8.61 (−18.13 to 2.02) |
| Normal (BMI<25) | Reference |
| Adequate health literacy | |
| Yes | −5.82 (−12.19 to 2.02) |
| No | Reference |
| Education | |
| Less than high school | −5.82 (−13.06 to 3.05) |
| High school or equivalent | −3.92 (−10.42 to 2.02) |
| Some college/Associate’s degree | −1.98 (−9.52 to 7.25) |
| College/advanced degree | Reference |
| Physical activity | |
| Low | 13.88 (4.08 to 23.37) |
| Moderate | 12.75 (4.08 to 22.14) |
| High | Reference |
| Healthy Eating Score | |
| Low | −1.00 (−7.69 to 7.25) |
| High | Reference |
| Drug regimen | |
| Biguanides only | 8.33 (0.00 to 16.18) |
| Insulin only | 19.72 (6.18 to 34.99) |
| 20.92 (9.42 to 33.64) | |
| Biguanides combined with insulin or sulfonylureas | 17.35 (10.52 to 25.86) |
| 19.72 (11.63 to 28.40) | |
| Other combinations | 8.33 (0.00 to 18.53) |
| No treatment | Reference |
*Model adjusted for race/ethnicity, age, gender, income, education, diabetes duration (quadratic function), BMI, health insurance, adequate health literacy, diet, caloric intake and physical activity.
†Private and public insurance categories are not mutually exclusive.
BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin.