Table 6.

Associations between race/ethnicity and dichotomous HbA1c (≥7% vs <7%) in the overall population and within individual treatment regimens

	Model 1* OR (95% CI)	Model 2† OR (95% CI)	Model 3‡ OR (95% CI)
Overall population (n=682)
Black	1.71 (0.90 to 3.23)	1.65 (0.86 to 3.14)	1.28 (0.45 to 3.65)§
Hispanic	1.78 (0.90 to 3.55)	1.77 (0.89 to 3.49)	1.07 (0.24 to 4.77)§
White	Reference	Reference	Reference
Biguanides only (n=174)
Black	3.50 (0.89 to 13.74)	3.51 (0.90 to 13.73)	0.81 (0.08 to 7.94)
Hispanic	2.70 (0.63 to 11.47)	2.73 (0.66 to 11.24)	1.90 (0.19 to 18.87)
White	Reference	Reference	Reference
Insulin only (n=120)
Black	3.56 (0.84 to 15.15)	2.86 (0.62 to 13.21)	1.39 (0.10 to 20.16)¶
Hispanic	4.24 (0.73 to 24.79)	3.24 (0.47 to 22.35)	0.65 (0.07 to 5.82)¶
White	Reference	Reference	Reference
Biguanides combined with insulins or sulfonylureas (n=140)
Black	0.78 (0.19 to 3.09)	0.73 (0.14 to 3.77)	0.08 (0.00 to 4.98)
Hispanic	0.97 (0.17 to 5.35)	0.87 (0.15 to 5.07)	0.04 (0.00 to 4.49)
White	Reference	Reference	Reference
Other miscellaneous drug regimens (n=123)
Black	3.31 (0.72 to 15.18)	2.68 (0.57 to 12.56)	9.71 (0.79 to 119.26)¶
Hispanic	3.15 (0.52 to 19.13)	2.54 (0.38 to 16.79)	2.97 (0.09 to 95.17)¶
White	Reference	Reference	Reference

*Adjusted for gender and age.

†Adjusted for gender, age and BMI.

‡Adjusted for gender, age, BMI, insurance status, adequate health literacy, educational level, diet, caloric intake, physical activity and DM duration.

§Additionally adjusted for treatment regimens (biguanides only, insulin only, biguanides combined with insulin or sulfonylureas, and other regimens).

¶Not adjusted for Healthy Eating Score to preserve model stability.

BMI, body mass index; DM, diabetes mellitus; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin.