TABLE 3—
Unadjusted and Adjusted Odds Ratios for Association Between Socioeconomic Position and Vision Impairment Among US Adults Aged 25–64 Years: National Health Interview Survey, 2007–2010
| SEP Indicator | OR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI)a | AOR (95% CI)b |
| Educational attainment | |||
| < high school diploma | 2.32*** (2.08, 2.59) | 1.36*** (1.19, 1.55) | 1.26** (1.09, 1.46) |
| High school diploma/GED | 1.63*** (1.46, 1.81) | 1.11 (0.99, 1.25) | 1.04 (0.92, 1.19) |
| Some college | 1.84*** (1.66, 2.03) | 1.29*** (1.16, 1.44) | 1.25*** (1.12, 1.41) |
| College graduate (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Occupational class | |||
| White collar (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Service | 1.40*** (1.27, 1.53) | 1.03 (0.93, 1.14) | 0.95 (0.85, 1.06) |
| Farming | 1.61** (1.16, 2.25) | 1.41* (1.01, 2.02) | 1.23 (0.86, 1.74) |
| Blue collar | 1.21*** (1.10, 1.32) | 1.05 (0.95, 1.15) | 0.96 (0.87, 1.06) |
| Not in labor force | 1.18* (1.01, 1.39) | 0.80* (0.67, 0.96) | 0.70*** (0.58, 0.84) |
| PIR-based income classification | |||
| Poor (PIR < 1.00) | 2.5*** (2.24, 2.74) | 1.35*** (1.20, 1.52) | 1.45*** (1.27, 1.65) |
| Low income (PIR 1.00–2.99) | 1.93*** (1.74, 2.13) | 1.28*** (1.14, 1.43) | 1.35*** (1.20, 1.53) |
| Middle income (PIR 3.00–3.99) | 1.39*** (1.27, 1.53) | 1.19** (1.07, 1.31) | 1.23*** (1.12, 1.37) |
| High income (PIR ≥ 4.00; Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Note. AOR = adjusted odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; GED = general educational development; PIR = poverty-to-income ratio; SEP = socioeconomic position.
Adjusted for all covariates (age, gender, marital status, race/ethnicity, nativity, insurance coverage, usual place to go for routine health care, number of office visits during the past 12 months, diabetes status, hypertension status, health status, smoking status).
Adjusted for all covariates and socioeconomic position indicators (educational attainment, occupational class, PIR-based income classification).
*P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .001.