TABLE 1—
Pooled Analyses for Asthma Lifetime and Current Prevalence by Race/Ethnicity and Other Covariates: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, United States, 1999–2011
| State Fixed Effects Models |
Two-Level Logistic Models With Region Dummies |
|||
| Variables | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
| Lifetime prevalence | ||||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1.15* (1.14, 1.16) | 1.035* (1.02, 1.05) | 1.16* (1.14, 1.17) | 1.038* (1.027, 1.04) |
| Hispanic | 0.86* (0.85, 0.88) | 0.76* (0.74, 0.77) | 0.86* (0.85, 0.87) | 0.75* (0.74, 0.76) |
| Income, $ | ||||
| < 15 000 (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 15 000–35 000 | 0.698* (0.69, 0.70) | 0.69* (0.68, 0.70) | ||
| 35 000–50 000 | 0.58* (0.58, 0.59) | 0.58* (0.57, 0.59) | ||
| 50 000–75 000 | 0.55* (0.54, 0.56) | 0.545* (0.54, 0.55) | ||
| > 75 000 | 0.51* (0.51, 0.52) | 0.51* (0.50, 0.515) | ||
| Don’t know or refused | 0.62* (0.61, 0.63) | 0.61* (0.6, 0.62) | ||
| Education | ||||
| < high school (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Completed high school | 0.766* (0.757, 0.77) | 0.76* (0.75, 0.77) | ||
| Some college or technical | 0.877* (0.864, 0.886) | 0.87* (0.86, 0.88) | ||
| ≥ college graduate | 0.83* (0.82, 0.84) | 0.82* (0.81, 0.83) | ||
| No health insurance | 0.83* (0.82, 0.84) | 0.83* (0.82, 0.84) | ||
| Region | ||||
| Northeast (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Mid-West | 0.81* (0.75, 0.88) | 0.80 (0.74, 0.87) | ||
| South | 0.86* (0.80, 0.93) | 0.84 (0.78, 0.91) | ||
| West | 0.98 (0.91, 1.06) | 0.98 (0.9, 1.06) | ||
| Random effects state SE | 0.089 (0.0089) | 0.0933 (0.0094) | ||
| ICC | 0.0024 (0.0005) | 0.0026 (0.0005) | ||
| Current prevalence | ||||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1.21* (1.19, 1.22) | 1.036* (1.02, 1.05) | 1.21* (1.198, 1.23) | 1.038* (1.02, 1.052) |
| Hispanic | 0.86* (0.85, 0.88) | 0.7* (0.69, 0.71) | 0.86* (0.84, 0.87) | 0.69* (0.68, 0.71) |
| Income, $ | ||||
| < 15 000 (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 15 000–35 000 | 0.65* (0.64, 0.66) | 0.64* (0.63, 0.65) | ||
| 35 000–50 000 | 0.51* (0.50, 0.52) | 0.51* (0.5, 0.52) | ||
| 50 000–75 000 | 0.47* (0.46, 0.49) | 0.47* (0.46, 0.48) | ||
| > 75 000 | 0.43* (0.42, 0.44) | 0.43* (0.42, 0.44) | ||
| Don’t know or refused | 0.55* (0.54, 0.56) | 0.55* (0.54, 0.56) | ||
| Education | ||||
| < high school (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Completed high school | 0.71* (0.7, 0.72) | 0.7* (0.69, 0.71) | ||
| Some college or technical | 0.78* (0.77, 0.79) | 0.77* (0.76, 0.78) | ||
| ≥ college graduate | 0.72* (0.71, 0.73) | 0.71* (0.7, 0.72) | ||
| No health insurance | 0.78* (0.77, 0.79) | 0.77* (0.76, 0.78) | ||
| Region | ||||
| Northeast (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Mid-West | 0.83 (0.76, 0.90) | 0.81 (0.75, 0.88) | ||
| South | 0.82 (0.76, 0.89) | 0.79 (0.72, 0.88) | ||
| West | 0.92 (0.85, 0.99) | 0.92 (0.85, 1.004) | ||
| Random effects state | 0.0968 (0.009812) | 0.0965 (0.0097) | ||
| ICC | 0.0028 (0.0006) | 0.0028 (0.0005) | ||
Note. CI = confidence interval; ICC = intraclass correlation coefficient; OR = odds ratio. Models with State Fixed Effects: Unadjusted models control for age, gender, survey year and state fixed effects, and adjusted models in addition include income, education and insurance. Two level logistic models with region dummies: Unadjusted models control for age, gender, survey year and region, while adjusted models in addition control for income, education and insurance. Analysis from 50 US states and District of Columbia.
*P = <.05.