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. 2015 Mar 25;15(4):7206–7227. doi: 10.3390/s150407206

Figure 10.

Figure 10

Steps during film formation using the Volmer–Weber growth mode. (a) 1-nucleation; (b) 2-impingement; (c) 3-coalescence; (d) 4a-columnar thickening; (e) 4b-polycrystalline thickening.