Table 7.

Detection of toxins by SPR biosensors.

Toxin	Assay	Matrix	Detection Range	Instrument	Reference
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB)	Direct Immunoassay	Buffer	5 ng/mL	Wavelength Modulation SPR	[159]
	Sandwich Immunoassay	Buffer and milk	0.5 ng/mL
SEB	Sandwich immunoassay	Buffer	2.5–50 ng/mL	Biacore 1000	[160]
SEB	Competitive immunoassay	Buffer	0.78–50 ng/mL	Biacore 1000	[161]
		Whole and skimmed milk	0.312–25 ng/mL
SEB	Direct immunoassay	Buffer	In ng range	Fiber-optic SPR	[162]
SEB	Direct assay	Buffer	In nm range	Spreeta	[163]
	Sandwich immunoassay		In fm range
Aflatoxins B1	Inhibition immunoassay	Buffer	3–100 ng/mL	Biacore 1000	[164]
Fumonisin B1 (FB1)	Direct immunoassay	Buffer	50 ng/mL	Custom-built SPR	[165]
Deoxynivalenol	Inhibition immunoassay	Naturally contaminated wheat samples in buffer	2.5–30 ng/mL	Biacore Q	[166]
Domoic acid	Inhibition immunoassay	Buffer	0.1–1000 ng/mL	Custom-built	[167]
	Competitive immunoassay		3 ppb (10 nM), from 4–60 ppb (13–200 nM)	Six-channel SPR, Spreeta	[168]
	Competitive immunoassay	Buffer	2 ng/mL to 3.3 µg/mL	Biacore 3000	[169]
Tetanus	Direct immunoassay	Buffer	0.028 Lf/mL	Wavelength modulation SPR	[170]