Figure 1. Spatial learning and memory in the Morris water maze confirm the anti-amnesic effects of PNE against scopolamine-induced memory deficits.

(A) Escape latency of the 4-day acquisition trial. (B) Cumulative path-length of acquisition trial on fourth day. (C) Time spent in the target quadrant during the probe trial on day 5. Data are expressed as means ± SD (n = 10). ^###P < 0.001 compared with the naïve group; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 compared with the control group.