A: A typical hand trajectory along X direction in the global coordinate system with dwell time of 3 s for the medium perturbation distance. The two vertical dashed lines show the start (T0) and the end of the perturbation force. The time intervals of data analysis (Phase-1, Phase-2, and Phase-3) are shown. B: Three typical hand trajectories along X direction with different TDWELL (0, 1, and 3 s) for the medium perturbation distance. Note the scaling of the undershoot with TDWELL. C: The hand displacements produced by the perturbation (D12): DS (short distance), DM (medium distance), DL (long distance), DVL (very long distance). Averages across subjects with standard error bars are shown.