Table 2.
Differences between HAH+ and HAH- groups in demographics, systemic and cerebral hemodynamics (N = 363)
| Headachea | HAH- | HAH+ | HAH intensities | p (H+ vs. H-) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases(n) | (90) | (273) | Mild (215) | Moderate (52) | Sever (6) | |
| Demographic factors | ||||||
| Age | 22.59 ± 3.95 | 23.60 ± 4.48 | 23.12 ± 4.26 | 25.47 ± 4.99 | 25.00 ± 3.69 | 0.044* |
| BMI | 21.52 ± 2.11 | 21.90 ± 2.61 | 21.85 ± 2.55 | 21.96 ± 2.89 | 23.56 ± 2.09 | 0.199 |
| Smoking(yes) | 20(22.2%) | 66(24.2%) | 52(24.2%) | 11(21.2%) | 3(50.0%) | 0.705 |
| Alcohol consumption(yes) | 54(60.0%) | 159(58.2%) | 126 (58.6%) | 28(53.8%) | 5(83.3%) | 0.796 |
| Systemic hemodynamics | ||||||
| SBP | 117.28 ± 11.62 | 118.66 ± 12.03 | 118.84 ± 12.38 | 118.17 ± 11.04 | 116.67 ± 7.76 | 0.340 |
| DBP | 77.52 ± 10.83 | 78.86 ± 9.97 | 78.89 ± 10.21 | 78.92 ± 9.26 | 77.33 ± 8.43 | 0.279 |
| ΔBP | 39.76 ± 7.14 | 39.80 ± 6.59 | 39.94 ± 7.04 | 39.25 ± 4.54 | 39.33 ± 5.24 | 0.958 |
| MAP | 90.77 ± 10.57 | 92.13 ± 10.24 | 92.21 ± 10.47 | 92.01 ± 9.65 | 90.44 ± 7.83 | 0.280 |
| HR | 84.41 ± 13.11 | 87.96 ± 13.02 | 87.35 ± 12.65 | 89.35 ± 13.26 | 98.00 ± 20.66 | 0.026* |
| SpO2 | 88.70 ± 2.98 | 87.94 ± 3.19 | 88.16 ± 3.01 | 87.06 ± 3.81 | 87.83 ± 3.06 | 0.048* |
| LA | 29.82 ± 2.12 | 29.70 ± 2.18 | 29.75 ± 1.99 | 29.40 ± 2.84 | 30.33 ± 2.50 | 0.632 |
| LV | 45.78 ± 2.27 | 46.00 ± 2.25 | 46.04 ± 2.21 | 45.85 ± 2.44 | 45.83 ± 2.32 | 0.425 |
| RA | 33.98 ± 2.04 | 34.10 ± 2.32 | 34.14 ± 2.27 | 34.06 ± 2.56 | 33.17 ± 2.32 | 0.661 |
| RV | 33.48 ± 2.24 | 33.70 ± 2.56 | 33.78 ± 2.56 | 33.50 ± 2.60 | 32.50 ± 2.07 | 0.469 |
| PA | 19.83 ± 1.14 | 19.95 ± 1.42 | 19.93 ± 1.42 | 19.98 ± 1.48 | 20.33 ± 1.03 | 0.452 |
| EF | 66.38 ± 4.28 | 67.16 ± 4.72 | 67.29 ± 4.82 | 66.87 ± 4.40 | 64.83 ± 3.31 | 0.165 |
| SV | 65.92 ± 8.96 | 67.32 ± 9.72 | 67.57 ± 9.79 | 66.66 ± 9.42 | 64.17 ± 10.63 | 0.230 |
| CO | 5.16 ± 1.14 | 5.60 ± 1.02 | 5.60 ± 1.03 | 5.65 ± 1.02 | 5.60 ± .663 | 0.001** |
| Tricuspid regurgitation | 0.50(0.80) | 0.50(0.60) | 0.50(0.60) | 0.50(0.80) | 0.40(0.68) | 0.135 |
| Cerebral hemodynamics | ||||||
| Left side MCA | ||||||
| Vm | 67.46 ± 12.18 | 67.41 ± 11.74 | 66.91 ± 10.87 | 69.35 ± 14.87 | 68.50 ± 11.47 | 0.973 |
| Vs | 102.17 ± 14.94 | 101.41 ± 15.91 | 100.79 ± 15.15 | 103.92 ± 18.83 | 102.00 ± 15.82 | 0.693 |
| Vd | 48.0 ± 10.12 | 47.96 ± 9.10 | 47.51 ± 8.37 | 49.46 ± 11.67 | 51.00 ± 8.60 | 0.964 |
| PI | 0.820 ± 0.169 | 0.800 ± 0.130 | 0.802 ± 0.127 | 0.799 ± 0.141 | 0.750 ± 0.130 | 0.260 |
| RI | 0.531 ± 0.063 | 0.527 ± 0.0490 | 0.528 ± 0.048 | 0.526 ± 0.051 | 0.499 ± 0.057 | 0.532 |
| Left side VA | ||||||
| Vm | 35.18 ± 5.57 | 36.38 ± 6.19 | 35.93 ± 5.66 | 37.63 ± 6.59 | 41.67 ± 14.40 | 0.103 |
| Vs | 51.28 ± 7.05 | 52.16 ± 8.49 | 51.75 ± 7.93 | 53.19 ± 9.20 | 57.83 ± 17.59 | 0.374 |
| Vd | 24.76 ± 4.76 | 25.96 ± 4.97 | 25.46 ± 4.49 | 27.35 ± 5.08 | 32.00 ± 11.93 | 0.045* |
| PI | 0.765 ± 0.159 | 0.727 ± 0.153 | 0.738 ± 0.153 | 0.690 ± 0.150 | 0.640 ± 0.102 | 0.040* |
| RI | 0.517 ± 0.065 | 0.500 ± 0.061 | 0.505 ± 0.058 | 0.482 ± 0.070 | 0.454 ± 0.053 | 0.025* |
| Right side MCA | ||||||
| Vm | 63.51 ± 13.67 | 64.46 ± 11.45 | 64.24 ± 11.26 | 64.87 ± 11.57 | 68.67 ± 17.61 | 0.518 |
| Vs | 95.59 ± 17.61 | 96.24 ± 15.67 | 96.17 ± 15.55 | 96.13 ± 15.65 | 99.83 ± 22.29 | 0.740 |
| Vd | 45.11 ± 10.96 | 45.75 ± 8.73 | 45.53 ± 8.52 | 46.12 ± 8.95 | 50.67 ± 13.74 | 0.573 |
| PI | 0.812 ± 0.144 | 0.792 ± 0.124 | 0.796 ± 0.121 | 0.780 ± 0.125 | 0.734 ± 0.190 | 0.191 |
| RI | 0.530 ± 0.053 | 0.526 ± 0.051 | 0.527 ± 0.051 | 0.521 ± 0.047 | 0.493 ± 0.076 | 0.440 |
| Right side VA | ||||||
| Vm | 37.27 ± 6.18 | 37.27 ± 6.02 | 37.00 ± 5.80 | 38.63 ± 6.89 | 35.17 ± 4.66 | 0.991 |
| Vs | 52.51 ± 7.69 | 52.26 ± 8.29 | 52.11 ± 8.09 | 53.42 ± 9.21 | 47.50 ± 6.06 | 0.800 |
| Vd | 26.72 ± 5.09 | 26.55 ± 4.74 | 26.26 ± 4.56 | 27.75 ± 5.33 | 26.33 ± 4.89 | 0.764 |
| PI | 0.716 ± 0.208 | 0.693 ± 0.117 | 0.702 ± 0.117 | 0.669 ± .114 | 0.606 ± 0.056 | 0.202 |
| RI | 0.500 ± 0.119 | 0.491 ± 0.053 | 0.494 ± 0.052 | 0.480 ± .053 | 0.448 ± 0.037 | 0.317 |
| BA | ||||||
| Vm | 41.42 ± 8.64 | 44.18 ± 9.74 | 43.80 ± 9.42 | 46.33 ± 10.91 | 38.83 ± 8.06 | 0.017* |
| Vs | 65.46 ± 11.54 | 68.81 ± 14.84 | 68.60 ± 14.32 | 70.81 ± 16.13 | 59.17 ± 19.63 | 0.028* |
| Vd | 28.61 ± 7.46 | 30.47 ± 7.52 | 30.07 ± 7.31 | 32.29 ± 8.31 | 28.83 ± 6.27 | 0.042* |
| PI | 0.914 ± 0.224 | 0.879 ± 0.193 | 0.890 ± 0.192 | 0.844 ± 0.183 | 0.760 ± .262 | 0.151 |
| RI | 0.564 ± 0.078 | 0.554 ± 0.068 | 0.559 ± 0.066 | 0.542 ± 0.069 | 0.496 ± .086 | 0.292 |
| Asymmetry of the bilateral VAs | ||||||
| ΔVs | −1.00 (8.00) | 0. 00 (9.00) | 0.00(9.00) | 0.00 (10.50) | 5.00 (28.5) | 0.126 |
| ΔVd | −3.00 (6.25) | −1.00 (6.00) | −1.00(7.00) | −1.00 (3.75) | 2.00 (18.5) | 0.010* |
| ΔVm | −2.50 (8.00) | −1.00 (6.00) | −1.00(6.00) | −1.00 (4.75) | 1.00 (23.75) | 0.046* |
| AI% | −6.6(22.0) | −2.7 (18.0) | −2.9(18.4) | −2.1(13.8) | 2.8 (52.2) | 0.040* |
| Conduction | ||||||
| CVCi | 0.729 ± 0.145 | 0.724 ± 0.140 | 0.719 ± 0.135 | 0.737 ± 0.153 | 0.767 ± 0.191 | 0.758 |
*p is 0.05 or less, **p is 0.01 or less
HAH was characterized with higher velocity in posterior cerebral circulation and higher HR but lower SpO2