Memory at 24-h (a), 6-h (b), and immediate (c) retrieval showed enhanced corrected recognition memory for items from the CS+ versus the CS− category encoded during fear conditioning in all groups. However, memory was only retroactively enhanced for CS+ items encoded during pre-conditioning following a 24-h or a 6-h delay. The shaded area highlights retroactive memory for items that preceded fear conditioning. CS+, conditioned stimuli from the object category with exemplars paired with shock; CS−, conditioned stimuli from the object category with exemplars never paired with shock. Error bars are s.e.m. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, two-tailed t-tests.