Table 2.

Telediabetes Outcomes

				OUTCOMES
REFERENCE (YEAR)	COUNTRY	RESEARCH DESIGN	SAMPLE SIZE	A1C	BP	LDL	WEIGHT/BMI	COMMENTS
Harno et al.39 (2006)	Finland	RCT	175	↓	↓	↓	NM	Fewer physician visits
Rodríguez-Idígoras et al.40 (2009)	Spain	RCT (parallel groups)	328	↓	↓	↓	↓	Control group showed improvement but less
Berg et al.41 (2009)	United States	Case-control	980	∼↓	NM	O	NM	ROI 3.8:1; inpatient bed days↓48%; cost ↓
Anderson et al.42 (2010)	United States	RCT	295	↓	O	O	O	No difference in A1c at 6 and 12 months; lifestyle changes need longer duration; A1c↓for those with depression
Davis et al.43 (2010)	United States	RCT	165	↓	O	↓	O	Self-reported data
Jordan et al.44 (2011)	United Kingdom	Case-control	473	↓	↓	NM	↓	BMI ↓ 0.7 units; BP ↓; A1c ↓ 0.3%; small ↓ in LDL
Musacchio et al.45 (2011)	Italy	Observational	1,004	↓	∼ ↓	↓	O	Metabolic and cardiovascular risk↑(face-to-face visits ↓)
van Bastelaar et al.46 (2011)	The Netherlands	RCT	255	O	NM	NM	NM	Duration=1 month; depression↓; Web-based cognitive therapy helpful
Charpentier et al.47 (2011)	France	RCT	180	↓	NM	NM	NM	Less patient travel
Franc et al.48 (2014)	France	RCT	180	↓	NM	NM	NM	Portion and carbohydrate counting ↑
Stamp et al.49 (2012)	France	Descriptive observational	330	↓	O	NM	NM	A1c ↓ 1.8%
Tang et al.50 (2013)	United States	RCT	415	↓ at 6 months	O	↓ at 12 months	O	Intervention group better at 6 months but even at 12 months; medication management ↑
Ellis et al.51 (2012)	United States	RCT	146	↓	NM	NM	NM	Adolescent adherence ↑
Kesavadev et al.52 (2012)	India	Retrospective record review	1,000	↓	↓	↓	↓	Used no controls
Chen et al.53 (2013)	Taiwan	Longitudinal case-control	162	↓	NM	NM	NM	Invervention group ↑blood glucose monitoring;↑physical activity, diet, medication compliance, coping, problem solving; A1c stabilized at 18 months
Brown-Guion et al.54 (2013)	United States	Survey	1,797	NM	NM	NM	NM	Urban/rural ethnicity differences in diabetes education
Lee et al.55 (2013)	Korea	Tech assessment	1,568	NM	NM	NM	NM	Voice diagnostic tools for predicting BMI

A downward arrow indicates down or decreased; an upward arrow indicates up or increased.

A1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; BMI, body mass index; CR, cluster randomization; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; NM, not measured; O, no difference; QE, quasi-experimental; ROI, return on investment.