Figure 4. cAFM study of hysteresis-ion relationship for control films (a,b,c,d) and hybrid films (e,f,g,h).

(a,e) The grey-scaled contact-mode AFM (background) with overlaid colour-scaled conductive AFM images (positive bias voltage: 1 V). (b–d) I–V hysteresis of control film increases when increase the negative bias and injected current (solid line, forward sweep; dashed line, reverse sweep). (f–h) I–V hysteresis of hybrid film is suppressed when increasing the negative bias and injected current. Scanning rate is ∼0.5 V s⁻¹ (see Methods).