FIG. 10. a, b.

Clinical appearance of type 7 (Passali deformity or “crumpled septum”). The right nasal cavity is almost completely blocked by the septal deformity (a). Left cavity, after decongestion and application of the superficial local anesthetic, showed type 3 (yellow arrow) and an emphasized type 5 in the deepest areas (white arrow). This deformity cannot be identified by means of a native anterior rhinoscopy in most cases because it remains hidden by the nasal mucosa. The dotted line indicates the internal, caudal margin of the type 2 which fully extends to the right side, obstructing the entrance to the right nose (b).