FIG 3.
Effects of PM exposure on M. tuberculosis-induced chemokine and antimicrobial peptide production in A549 cells. The mRNA fold changes and protein production of A549 cells incubated with PM2.5 and PM10 at 0, 0.1, 1, 10, or 50 μg/ml for 18 h followed by 18 h of M. tuberculosis infection (MOI 10) were determined by qRT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. Graphs represent mRNA fold changes and protein production of HBD-2 (A and B), HBD-3 (C), IL-8 (D and E), and MCP-1 (F and G). Data represent mean results ± SDs from three independent experiments. Statistically significant differences between results for unexposed and PM-exposed cells are shown with single (P < 0.05) or double (P < 0.01) asterisks.