FIG 8.

Detection of CPA on C. perfringens biofilms. Strain S13Δplc or S13Δplc/plc was inoculated into a four-well chamber slide containing TGY, followed by incubation for 24 h at 37°C. Bacteria were stained with SYTO9, and CPA was detected using rabbit polyclonal anti-Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin antibodies, followed by goat anti-rabbit secondary antibodies conjugated to Alexa Fluor 555. Optical middle or top sections were obtained with a confocal microscope. Arrows point to areas of colocalization.