Table 1.

Comparison of biomarkers of genotoxicity and mitochondrial toxicity, between human infants exposed in utero to ARV drugs, and patas offspring exposed transplacentally for the last half of gestation to human-equivalent ARV-drug protocols.

Biomarker	Patas infants (Dam virus free)	Human infants (Mother HIV-1-infected)
AZT-DNA & 3TC-DNA incorporation	Yes (DNA of all organs)	Yes (cord and peripheral blood DNA)
Centrosomal amplification	Yes	?
Micronuclei (MN)	Yes	?
Aneuploidy	Yes (to age 3) (MN+C, bone marrow)	Yes (birth) (blood karyotyping)
Abnormal Mitochondrial Morphology
Umbilical Cord	Yes	Yes
Heart	Yes (to age 3)	?
Brain	Yes (to age 3)	?
Abnormal mtDNA Quantity
Umbilical Cord (depletion)	Yes	Yes
Heart (depletion & compensation)	Yes (to age 3)	?
Brain (depletion)	Yes (to age 3)	?
Cord and peripheral blood (depletion)	Yes	Yes (to age 2)
Placenta (depletion)	Yes	Yes
Heart LV muscle loss	?	Yes