Figure 4.
Real-time intracellular superoxide production in response to flow measured by DHE. A, At time zero, column A illustrates BAECs under 3 conditions: pulsatile flow (PF), oscillatory flow (OF), and static state (control). B, Real-time merged images of phase and fluorescence at 4 hours demonstrate the localization of red fluorescence in the nuclei. In the presence of superoxide, DHE was converted to ethidium, which intercalated into the double-stranded DNA in the nuclei. C, Real-time fluorescent microscopy underscores the superoxide production as red fluorescence.