. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jun 1.

Published in final edited form as: Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2015 Jun;18(2):133–150. doi: 10.1007/s10567-015-0182-x

Table 3.

Summary of Associations between Factors and PPE Across Ecological Framework Levels.

Article	Child	Parent/Family	Provider	Service	Study Quality
Bickman et al., 1998		Increased knowledge Increased efficacy			^#
Chacko et al., 2012				Time in treatment	^* ^#
Chamberlain et al., 1984		Initial PPE⁺ Source of referral⁺		Phase of treatment⁺	^* ^#
Dumas & Albin, 1986	Service use⁺	Father presence⁺ History of marital violence Maternal psychopathology history Income⁺ Family size Maternal education level Source of referral
Fawley-King et al., 2012	Age Gender Race⁺ Improvement Medical condition⁺	Satisfaction⁺ Support outside mental health system Barriers⁺		Length of time in treatment⁺	^#
Hansen & Warner, 1994		Parent ed level⁺ Parent employment⁺ Parent age⁺		Location of service⁺
Jensen & Grimes, 2010		Both parents versus one parent attending⁺			^* ^#
Nock & Kazdin, 2005		Motivation⁺			^*
Patterson & Forgatch, 1985			Provider behavior⁺
Podell & Kendall, 2011		Parent gender⁺ (mothers higher) Parent mental health diagnosis			^*
Stoolmiller et al., 1993		Positive discipline practices⁺ Maternal psychopathology⁺ Maternal depressed mood⁺ Maternal stress			^* ^#

Note:

⁺

significant association with PPE;

= longitudinal design;

multivariate analyses.

Results are collapsed across PPE measures within each article.