Table 2.

Association between Microbial Events during Infancy and Chronic Wheeze at Age 5 and 10 Years

	Wheeze at 5 Years		Wheeze at 10 Years
	All children	Atopics	All children	Atopics
Any febrile LRI	2.3 (1.2–4.5), p = 0.016∗	2.7 (1.1–7), p = 0.034∗	2.2 (0.93–5.2), p = 0.071	2.7 (0.89–8.7), p = 0.083
Any wheezy LRI	1.6 (0.79–3), p = 0.2	1.3 (0.49–3.3), p = 0.61	1.4 (0.58–3.3), p = 0.45	1.6 (0.53–4.8), p = 0.4
Any HRV wheezy LRI	2 (0.93–4.2), p = 0.073	2.5 (0.86–7.2), p = 0.092	2.1 (0.81–5.4), p = 0.11	1.9 (0.55–6.4), p = 0.29
Any HRV-C wheezy LRI	2.4 (0.93–6.1), p = 0.064	7.2 (1.7–35), p = 0.009∗	3.5 (1.1–11), p = 0.026∗	7.1 (1.6–40), p = 0.014∗
Any HRV-A wheezy LRI	1.2 (0.42–3.1), p = 0.74	0.55 (0.11–2.2), p = 0.43	1.4 (0.37–4.7), p = 0.57	0.35 (0.02–2.2), p = 0.34
Any risk bacteria LRI	0.89 (0.45–1.8), p = 0.73	0.96 (0.39–2.4), p = 0.93	2 (0.82–5.2), p = 0.14	1.7 (0.59–5.2), p = 0.34
High-abundance Streptococcus colonization (≤7 weeks)	3.8 (1.3–12), p = 0.017∗	4 (0.88–21), p = 0.077	2.7 (0.6–12), p = 0.18	3.9 (0.63–28), p = 0.15

Odds ratio (95% confidence interval), p value; estimated using logistic regression, adjusted for gender and maternal and paternal history of atopic disease; estimated separately for all children and those who were atopic by 2 years of age. LRI, lower respiratory illness, further classified according to microbes and symptoms; any risk bacteria LRI, any LRI with Streptococcus, Moraxella, or Haemophilus MPG. Early Streptococcus colonization was assessed in the first healthy NP sample, collected by 7 weeks of age and prior to any recorded infection; high abundance was classified as > 20% Streptococcus reads (based on distribution in Figure 5A).