. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jun 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Affect Disord. 2015 Mar 14;178:206–214. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.03.011

Table 3.

Clinical features in Discovery sample BPI subjects grouped by externalizing disorders (categorical parameters).

Non-Externalizing Group vs. Externalizing Group
Parameter	Non-Externalizing		Externalizing		χ² (1 df)	P (two-sided)	Odds Ratio: Value	Odds Ratio: 95% CI

	N	%	N	%				Lower	Upper
Gender
Male	185	39.2	381	47.9	9.012	0.003	0.702	0.557	0.885
Female	287	60.8	415	52.1
Disabled
Yes	92	20.4	208	27.2	6.932	0.008	0.688	0.521	0.910
No	358	79.6	557	60.9
Self harm
Yes	25	10.0	122	26.0	25.797	<0.001	0.316	0.199	0.501
No	226	90.0	348	74.0
Rapid switching
Yes	205	48.6	434	62.8	21.696	<0.001	0.559	0.438	0.715
No	217	51.4	257	37.2
Rapid cycling
Yes	182	44.6	403	60.4	25.516	<0.001	0.528	0.411	0.677
No	226	55.4	264	39.6
Number of clean depressive episodes^a
1 to 8	267	64.5	364	50.5	20.902	<0.001	1.781	1.389	2.284
>8	147	35.5	357	49.5
Number of clean depressive episodes per year^b
0 to 0.4	224	55.3	317	45.5	9.763	0.002	1.480	1.157	1.893
>0.4	181	44.7	379	54.5
Number of clean manic episodes^b
1 to 4	254	57.2	343	46.5	12.613	<0.001	1.536	1.211	1.947
>4	190	42.8	394	53.5
Number of clean manic episodes per year^b
0 to 0.4	240	55.7	345	49.4	4.179	0.041	1.286	1.010	1.636
>0.4	191	44.3	353	50.6

Non-Externalizing Group vs. Early-Onset Subgroup
Parameter	Non-Externalizing		Early-Onset		χ² (1 df)	P (two-sided)	Odds Ratio:	Odds Ratio: 95% CI

	N	%	N	%				Lower	Upper
Gender
Male	185	39.2	172	52.3	13.435	<0.001	0.588	0.443	0.782
Female	287	60.8	157	47.7
Disabled
Yes	92	20.4	97	30.0	9.355	0.002	0.599	0.430	0.833
No	358	79.6	226	70.0
Self harm
Yes	25	10.0	73	32.0	35.719	<0.001	0.235	0.143	0.386
No	226	90.0	155	68.0
Rapid switching
Yes	205	48.6	218	70.6	35.321	<0.001	0.394	0.289	0.538
No	217	51.4	91	29.4
Rapid cycling
Yes	182	44.6	201	68.1	38.216	<0.001	0.377	0.275	0.515
No	226	55.4	94	31.9
Number of clean depressive episodes^a
1 to 8	267	64.5	130	43.3	31.548	<0.001	2.375	1.752	3.220
>8	147	35.5	170	56.7
Number of clean depressive episodes per year^a
0 to 0.4	224	55.3	130	44.5	7.901	0.005	1.542	1.139	2.087
>0.4	181	44.7	162	55.5
Number of clean manic episodes^b
1 to 4	254	57.2	136	44.9	10.960	0.001	1.642	1.223	2.203
>4	190	42.8	167	55.1
Number of clean manic episodes per year^b
0 to 0.4	240	55.7	144	49.5	2.682	0.101	1.283	0.952	1.728
>0.4	191	44.3	147	50.5

According to the DSM-IV, a clean depressive episode is a depressive episode without prior physical illness, drug or alcohol abuse, organic precipitants, or bereavement.

According to the DSM-IV, a clean manic episode is a manic episode without prior physical illness, drug or alcohol abuse, or organic precipitants.