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. 2015 May 14;4:10.3402/jev.v4.27066. doi: 10.3402/jev.v4.27066

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© 2015 María Yáñez-Mó et al.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Fig. 5 — Physiological role of EVs related to cells of the innate immune system.

Activated macrophages release EVs that contain cytokines, miR-223 and carry out lateral transfer of receptors influencing myeloid cell proliferation and differentiation. Neutrophilic granulocytes (PMN) produce different types of EVs, depending on the type of stimulus. Neutrophil-derived EVs counteract the activation of immune cells or inhibit bacterial growth directly. EVs containing HSP-70 activate NK cells to combat tumour cells. DC=dendritic cell; NK=natural killer; NKG2D=natural killer group 2D; HSP=heat shock protein.