Table II.
Lipidomic studies on EVs
| Cell type or body fluid/species | Lipid analysis | Observations | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Reticulocyte/Ovis aries | TLC | Phospholipids substantially the same as in the plasma membrane | (14) |
| Reticulocyte/Cavia porcellus | TLC | Lipid composition similar to erythrocyte membranes, although the phosphatidyl-ethanolamine content is significantly lower | (691) |
| B lymphocyte cell (RN HLA-DR15+)/Homo sapiens | TLC | B cell-derived EVs enriched in cholesterol, sphingomyelin and ganglioside GM3 | (692) |
| Dendritic and mast cell (RBL-2H3)/Homo sapiens and Rattus norvergicus, respectively | LC–FD; GC–FID | Specific lipid composition and an unusual membrane organization | (102) |
| Mast cell (RBL-2H3)/Rattus norvergicus | LC–FD | Phospholipase D2, enriched on EVs and its activity correlates with the amount of EVs | (101) |
| Mast cell (RBL-2H3)/Rattus norvergicus | FD | Two sub-populations of EVs: one enriched in lipids from the Golgi and the other enriched in lipids from granules | (693) |
| Oligodendroglial precursor cell (Oli-neu)/Mus musculus | LC–MS | EVs enriched in ceramide, which triggers budding and release reduced by inhibition of neutral sphingomyelinase 2 | (240) |
| Melanoma cell (Mel1)/Homo sapiens | TLC | Comparison between EVs and cells in different pH conditions showing that acidic EVs are enriched in SM and ganglioside GM3, which may positively affect their fusion ability | (99) |
| Mast cell (RBL-2H3)/Rattus norvegicus | GC–FID; GC–MS | Phospholipases and prostaglandins which may be activated | (133) |
| Reticulocyte/Rattus norvegicus | TLC | Changes in the lipid composition during their differentiation parallel their physical properties | (375) |
| Pancreatic cancer cell (SOJ-6) Homo sapiens | GC | Enrichment in cholesterol and SM and depletion of phospholipids may induce cell death | (242) |
| Monocyte-derived macrophages/Homo sapiens | LC–MS | A characterization of lipidomes showing that EVs facilitate HIV-1 infection | (694) |
| Paracoccidioides brasiliensis | LC–MS; GC–MS | Identification of 33 species of phospholipids, besides fatty acids and neutral glycosphingolipids in EVs from the pathogenic phase of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. | (695) |
| Several prostate cancer cells/Homo sapiens | LC–MS | Comparison of the lipid content of EVs and their parent prostate cell lines | (57) |
| Prostate cancer cell (PC-3)/Homo sapiens | LC–MS | Lipidomics of EVs from PC-3 cells. EVs are highly enriched in glycosphingolipids, sphingomyelin, cholesterol and phosphatidylserine | (696) |
| Semen/Homo sapiens | TLC; GC–FID | Very high cholesterol/phospholipid ratios are detected in prostasomes isolated from human semen. The molar ratio of cholesterol/sphingomyelin/glycerophospholipids is 4:1:1 | (229) |
| Semen/Homo sapiens | TLC; GC–FID | The fatty acid pattern in prostasome lipids is different from lipids in the sperm membrane. Fusion between prostasomes and sperm may stabilize sperm plasma membrane by enriching it in cholesterol, sphingomyelin and saturated glycerophospholipids | (228) |
| Semen/Equus ferus caballus | TLC; GC–FID | Comparison of the lipid compositions of equine and human prostasomes and how lipids may be connected to the different reproductive physiology of these species | (697) |
| Semen/Sus scrofa | TLC | Boar prostasomes contain large amounts of cholesterol and phospholipids | (698) |
| Semen/Homo sapiens | Characterization of the lipid content of 2 prostasome populations. Both types had an unusual lipid composition, with high levels of sphingomyelin, cholesterol and glycosphingolipids | (333) | |
| Plasma/Homo sapiens | TLC | Microparticles from plasma contained a high level of phosphatidylcholine (59%), sphingomyelin (21%) and phosphatidylethanolamine (9%) | (699) |
| Urine/Homo sapiens | LC–MS | EVs from urine samples of renal cell carcinoma patients and healthy donors show a different lipid composition. First evidence of a relationship between the lipid composition of urinary EVs and this disease | (700) |
TLC: thin-layer chromatography; LC–FD: liquid chromatography–fluorescence detection; LC–MS: liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry; GC–FID: gas chromatography–detector–flame ionization detector; GC–MS: gas chromatography–mass spectrometry.