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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Epidemiol. 2015 Mar 19;25(6):398–405. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2015.03.009

Table 3.

Association between the FFQ-derived DII and biomarkers of inflammation among 2,567 postmenopausal women participating in the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study, 1993–1998

Quintiles (Q) of the DII: Estimate1 (95% confidence interval)
Inflammatory
biomarker		 Q1 (−6.230,
< −3.126)		 Q2 (−3.126, < −1.833) Q3 (−1.833, < −0.023) Q4 (−0.023, <2.147) Q5 (2.147, 5.224) Ptrend2
IL-6 model3
    Age-adjusted referent 1.15 (1.05, 1.26)* 1.05 (1.12, 1.38)* 1.32 (1.20, 1.45)* 1.48 (1.35, 1.62)* <0.0001
    Fully adjusted4 referent 1.07 (0.98, 1.17) 1.12 (1.02, 1.20)* 1.15 (1.05, 1.26)* 1.26 (1.15, 1.38)* <0.0001
hs-CRP model (hs-CRP continuous)3
    Age-adjusted referent 1.26 (1.12, 1.45)* 1.26 (1.12, 1.45)* 1.29 (1.15, 1.45)* 1.29 (1.15, 1.48)* 0.0007
    Fully adjusted4 referent 1.12 (1.00, 1.26)* 1.07 (0.95, 1.20) 1.12 (1.01, 1.26)* 1.07 (0.95, 1.20) 0.37
hs-CRP model (hs-CRP dichotomous; odds ratios)5
    Age-adjusted referent 1.63 (1.26, 2.10)* 1.55 (1.20, 2.00)* 1.53 (1.19, 1.98)* 1.65 (1.28, 2.13)* 0.003
    Fully adjusted referent 1.45 (1.09, 1.92)* 1.22 (0.92, 1.62) 1.25 (0.94, 1.67) 1.30 (0.97, 1.67) 0.34
TNFα-R2 model
    Age-adjusted referent 68.58 (−31.43,
168.60)		 89.05 (−10.91,
189.02)		 84.58 (−15.49,
184.57)		 132.65 (32.64,
232.66)* 		0.02
    Fully adjusted4 referent −23.31 (−88.69, 32.06) −9.59 (−69.52, 50.35) 16.93 (−43.34, 77.20) 81.43 (19.15, 143.71)* 0.004
Overall inflammatory score (IS)6
    Age-adjusted referent 0.19 (0.05, 0.33)* 0.24 (0.10, 0.38)* 0.26 (0.11, 0.40)* 0.35 (0.21, 0.49)* <0.0001
    Fully adjusted4 referent 0.09 (−0.04, 0.22) 0.11 (−0.02, 0.24) 0.17 (0.04, 0.30)* 0.26 (0.12, 0.40)* 0.0001
*

Statistically significant association;

1

Beta parameter;

2

The median of each quintile was assigned to all participants in the quintile and the variable introduced into models as an ordinal variable and its p-value interpreted as the p-value for tend;

3

Backtransformed (10x) estimates since the data were log transformed to the base 10, prior to analyses;

4

All fully adjusted models were adjusted for age, BMI, race, educational level, smoking status, physical activity, inflammation-related comorbidity, regular use of antidepressants, statins, and NSAIDs;

5

Dichotomous hs-CRP (>3 mg/L, n=1066; ≤3 mg/L, n=1501) modeled the probability that hs-CRP >3 mg/L;

6

The overall inflammatory score was computed by summing z-scores of all three biomarkers for each participant.