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. 2015 May 3;2015:416480. doi: 10.1155/2015/416480

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Mechanisms of Th17/Treg-balance in the peritoneal cavity in PD. Th17 predominance. In the peritoneal cavity local factors activate dendritic cells, macrophages, and neutrophils to produce proinflammatory molecules (IL-6, TNFα, TGF-β, VEGF, chemokines, and prostaglandins). Immune cells and proinflammatory molecules are reciprocally activated; thus cells induce proinflammatory molecule release and vice versa. These molecules activate Th17 cells and IL-17 production, which may result in fibrosis and MMT. This occurs in the presence of continuously high TGF-β levels. In contrast, in the presence of inactive immune cells together with low IL-6 levels, Treg cells are activated, releasing IL-10 and TGF-β that may block MMT. Abbreviations: GDPs: glucose-derived products. IP: intraperitoneal. AGEs: advanced glycation end products.