Table 4. Levels of MDA, vitamin C, NO˙, CK, and hs-CRP before exercise (pre-exercise), as well as immediately after moderate-intensity exercise (post-exercise) and 24 h (post-24 h) and 48 h (post-48 h) after moderate-intensity exercise.
| Time | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-exercise | Post-exercise | Post-24 h | Post-48 h | ||
| MDA (nM) | CTL | 1.74±0.45 | 3.09±0.82 | 3.48±0.79 | 2.87±0.95 |
| PA | 1.72±0.40 | 2.59±0.64 | 2.23±0.74 | 2.08±0.63 | |
| Vitamin C (µg/mL) | CTL | 7.97±1.21 | 7.18±1.05 | 7.45±1.20 | 7.35±1.06* |
| PA | 7.82±1.37 | 10.98±1.82# | 11.91±1.96# | 10.92±1.93*,# | |
| NO˙ (nM) | CTL | 141.0±58.4 | 134.8±62.0 | 131.5±27.3 | 113.8±48.4 |
| PA | 145.4±52.1 | 165.3±70.0 | 134.6±16.8 | 144.3±64.2 | |
| CK (U/L) | CTL | 146.2±24.3 | 158.6±25.8* | 167.2±28 | 142.3±21.4 |
| PA | 149.3±24.4 | 157.9±24.3* | 151.7±23.7 | 161.34±32.8 | |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | CTL | 0.60±0.19 | 0.65±0.2 | 0.74±0.25 | 0.66±0.28 |
| PA | 0.53±0.17 | 0.52±0.17 | 0.71±0.28 | 0.81±0.25 | |
Values are the mean ± SE; n=12 for each group. CTL: placebo control; PA: P. amarus; MDA: malondialdehyde; NO˙: nitric oxide radical. * Significantly different from pre-exercise (p<0.05), # Significantly different from the CTL group at the same time point (p<0.05)