Table 3. Changes in the visual analog scale and Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Scores.

Variable	Group	Pre-test	Post-test	∆score
VAS	Control	36.3 ± 17.4	20.5 ± 13.1	−15.8 ± 13.5
	Exercise	31.3 ± 17.9	16.9 ± 9.3	−14.4 ± 12.3**
Oswestry questionnaire	Control	16.5 ± 3.5	14.4 ± 5.0	−2.1 ± 3.0
	Exercise	14.9 ± 3.0	11.7 ± 1.7	−3.2 ± 2.0***

Data are means±SD. ∆score = change in score, Paired t-test: ^*p<0.05; ^**p<0.01; ^***p<0.001. Two-way ANOVA test (group×time): ^†p<0.05; ^††p<0.01, ^†††p<0.001. VAS: visual analog scale, Oswestry questionnaire: Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire