Table 2.

Case-control, cross-sectional studies addressing the potential of proton-pump inhibitors to modulate the metabolism of magnesium. Reports disclosing a significant relationship between use of these drugs and metabolism of magnesium are bold.

Reference	Country	Patients	Results
Alhosaini et al. [5]	USA	62 hemodialysis patients	Use of proton-pump inhibitors was associated (P < 0.05) with hypomagnesemia
Biyik et al. [6]	Turkey	238 outpatients	Magnesemia was similar in users of proton-pump inhibitors (N = 154) and nonusers (N = 84)
Danziger et al. [7]	USA	11,490 patients admitted to an intensive care unit	Hypomagnesemia was disclosed exclusively (P < 0.01) in patients concurrently treated with both proton-pump inhibitors and diuretics. Use of histamine type-2 receptor antagonists (with or without diuretics) was not associated with hypomagnesemia
El-Charabaty et al. [8]	USA	262 intensive care patients with cardiac arrhythmias	Use of proton-pump inhibitors prior to admission was associated with tendency to hypomagnesemia (r = 0.82)
Faulhaber et al. [9]	Brazil	151 internal medicine patients	No cases of hypomagnesemia were detected on treatment with proton-pump inhibitors
Gau et al. [10]	USA	487 inpatients	Use of proton-pump inhibitors was associated with lower magnesemia (P < 0.005) and with a 2.5-fold increased risk of hypomagnesemia
Kim et al. [11]	Korea	1356 patients	Magnesemia was lower (P < 0.0001) in users of proton-pump inhibitors (N = 112) than in nonusers (N = 1,244). Concurrent treatment with cisplatin (P < 0.05) or carboplatin (P < 0.01) further exacerbated hypomagnesemia
Koulouridis et al. [12]	USA	804 well-matched inpatients	Use of proton-pump inhibitors prior to admission was not associated with hypomagnesemia
Lindner et al. [13]	Switzerland	5,118 emergency department patients	Hypomagnesemia was significantly (P < 0.0001) associated with the use of proton-pump inhibitor or both proton-pump inhibitors and diuretics
Markovits et al. [14]	Israel	95,205 outpatients	Users of proton-pump inhibitors (N = 22,458) presented frequently with hypomagnesemia (P < 0.005). Use of histamine type-2 receptor antagonists was not associated with hypomagnesemia
Sumukadas et al. [15]	United Kingdom	196 elderly unit patients	Magnesemia was lower (P < 0.05) in users of proton-pump inhibitors with poor renal function
Van Ende et al. [16]	Belgium	512 renal transplant recipients	Use of proton-pump inhibitors was not a predictor of hypomagnesemia
William et al. [17]	USA	278 outpatients	Magnesiuria was reduced (P < 0.02) in users of proton-pump inhibitors. Diuretics did not modulate the effect of proton-pump inhibitors  on magnesiuria
Zipursky et al. [18]	Canada	1,830 inpatients	Patients admitted with hypomagnesemia were frequently (odds ratio = 1.43) on proton-pump inhibitors. Diuretics further exacerbated the tendency to hypomagnesemia (odds ratio = 1.73). Use of histamine type-2 receptor antagonists was not associated with hypomagnesemia