Table 3.
Neonatal and infant mortality and morbidity by mode of delivery in United States, 1995-8. Values are number (incidence) unless stated otherwise
| Unassisted (n=10 137 144) | Forceps (n=435 339) | Vacuum (n=891 340) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mortality | |||
| Neonatal death*†: | 3741 (3.7) | 218 (5.0) | 416 (4.7) |
| Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)‡ | 0.75 (0.64 to 0.87) | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.79 to 1.12) |
| Infant death§ | 18 303 (18.1) | 714 (16.4) | 1316 (15.8) |
| Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | 0.87 (0.80 to 0.94) | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.79 to 0.96) |
| Morbidity | |||
| Birth injuries: | 21 729 (21.4) | 4751 (109.1) | 6783 (76.1) |
| Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | 0.25 (0.24 to 0.26) | 1.00 | 0.69 (0.66 to 0.72) |
| Neonatal seizures: | 5119 (5.0) | 380 (8.7) | 581 (6.5) |
| Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | 0.75 (0.67 to 0.84) | 1.00 | 0.78 (0.68 to 0.90) |
| Assisted ventilation | |||
| <30 minutes: | 148 478 (146.5) | 12 753 (292.9) | 22 298 (250.2) |
| Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | 0.66 (0.65 to 0.67) | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.92 to 0.97) |
| ≥30 minutes: | 26 286 (25.9) | 2405 (55.2) | 4246 (47.6) |
| Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | 0.61 (0.58 to 0.64) | 1.00 | 0.92 (0.88 to 0.98) |
*
Death within 0-27 days.
†
Number per 10 000 deliveries.
‡
Adjusted for maternal age, race, parity, education, gestational age, birth weight, diabetes, pre-existing hypertension, pregnancy induced hypertension, premature rupture of membranes, induction of labour, fetal distress, placental abruption, and intrapartum bleeding.
§
Death within 0-364 days.