Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 May 18.
Published in final edited form as: Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2014 Sep 16;24(1):79–94. doi: 10.1517/13543784.2015.960077

Figure 1. Metabolic pathways and oncogenic signaling in tumor cells.

Figure 1

Malignant transformation is associated with derangements of major metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, mitochondrial metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and fatty acid synthesis.

1,3 dPG: 1,3-biphosphoglyceric acid; 2-HG: 2-hydroxyglutarate; 2PG: 2-phosphoglyceric acid; 3PG: 3-phosphoglyceric acid; ACC: Acetyl-CoA carboxylase; ACL: ATP citrate lyase; CAIX: Carbonic anhydrase IX; CoA: Coenzyme A; F1,6P: Fructose 1,6-phosphate; F6P: Fructose 6-phosphate; FAS: Fatty acid synthase; G6P: Glucose 6-phosphate; GAP: Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; GLUT: Glucose transporter proteins; GSH: Reduced glutathione; GSR: Glutathione reductase; GSSG: Glutathi-one disulfide; HIF-1: Hypoxia-inducible factor 1; HK: Hexokinase; IDH1: Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1; IDH2: Isocitrate dehydrogenase 2; MCT1: Lactate transporter; MCT4: Monocarboxylate transporter 4; OAA: Oxaloacetic acid; PD: Pyruvate dehydrogenase; PDK: Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase; PEP: Phosphoenolpyruvic acid; PKM2: Pyruvate kinase isozyme 2; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; TCA: Tricarboxylic acid cycle; α-KG: α-ketoglutarate.