Table III.
Means ± standard errors and P values for selected between, within and interaction effects
| Group | Baseline | Time 2 | Time 3 | BL versus T2 | BL versus T3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HbA1c %(mmol/mol)a | |||||
| Experimental | 8.6 (70) ± 0.0 | 7.8 (62) ± 0.2 | 7.9 (63) ± 0.3 | 0.001 | 0.065 |
| WLC | 8.6 (70) ± 0.0 | 8.3 (67) ± 0.3 | 8.5 (69) ± 0.3 | 0.609 | 0.842 |
| WLC versus Exp. | 1.00 | 0.097 | 0.171 | 0.097 | 0.171 |
| Number of symptoms (range 0–38) | |||||
| Experimental | 14.3 ± 1.4 | 10.5 ± 1.2 | 9.2 ± 1.4 | 0.007 | 0.002 |
| WLC | 15.2 ± 1.5 | 11.6 ± 1.3 | 12.6 ± 1.6 | 0.051 | 0.163 |
| WLC versus Exp. | 0.710 | 0.485 | 0.042 | 0.075 | 0.158 |
| Symptom frequency and severity (range 0–152) | |||||
| Experimental | 222.3 ± 85.8 | 70.1 ± 10.1 | 61.9 ± 12.5 | 0.069 | 0.061 |
| WLC | 127.9 ± 93.5 | 79.2 ± 11.2 | 102.5 ± 14.0 | 0.590 | 0.784 |
| WLC versus Exp. | 0.458 | 0.550 | 0.033 | 0.399 | 0.284 |
| Systolic BP | |||||
| Experimental | 124.7 ± 2.3 | 127.2 ± 3.1 | 127.0 ± 2.8 | 0.420 | 0.472 |
| WLC | 127.2 ± 2.5 | 128.4 ± 3.4 | 125.4 ± 3.0 | 0.725 | 0.618 |
| WLC versus Exp. | 0.450 | 0.799 | 0.693 | 0.767 | 0.393 |
| Diastolic BP | |||||
| Experimental | 78.5 ± 1.5 | 73.2 ± 1.5 | 77.1 ± 1.5 | 0.004 | 0.472 |
| WLC | 78.7 ± 1.7 | 75.7 ± 1.6 | 75.9 ± 1.6 | 0.128 | 0.201 |
| WLC versus Exp. | 0.943 | 0.261 | 0.590 | 0.386 | 0.653 |
| Total cholesterol | |||||
| Experimental | 188.32 ± 7.7 | 179.14 ± 7.3 | 164.1 ± 8.7 | 0.174 | 0.009 |
| WLC | 178.48 ± 8.4 | 185.93 ± 8.0 | 195.6 ± 9.6 | 0.300 | 0.086 |
| WLC versus Exp. | 0.384 | 0.526 | 0.016 | 0.093 | 0.003 |
| HDL cholesterol | |||||
| Experimental | 46.3 ± 1.9 | 44.2 ± 1.9 | 43.9 ± 2.0 | 0.184 | 0.137 |
| WLC | 43.4 ± 2.1 | 44.0 ± 2.1 | 44.4 ± 2.2 | 0.613 | 0.548 |
| WLC versus Exp. | 0.309 | 0.805 | 0.864 | 0.202 | 0.147 |
| LDL cholesterol | |||||
| Experimental | 107.7 ± 6.3 | 99.4 ± 5.6 | 89.95 ± 6.0 | 0.150 | 0.015 |
| WLC | 97.7 ± 7.0 | 105.5 ± 6.1 | 106.88 ± 6.9 | 0.234 | 0.258 |
| WLC versus Exp. | 0.283 | 0.471 | 0.063 | 0.066 | 0.014 |
| Triglycerides | |||||
| Experimental | 173.8 ± 22.3 | 184.3 ± 24.6 | 166.3 ± 29.1 | 0.483 | 0.736 |
| WLC | 198.5 ± 24.5 | 200.8 ± 27.0 | 224.2 ± 31.9 | 0.885 | 0.286 |
| WLC versus Exp. | 0.449 | 0.648 | 0.179 | 0.709 | 0.311 |
| Self-efficacy | |||||
| Experimental | 31.0 ± 1.0 | 34.7 ± 1.0 | 35.5 ± 1.0 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| WLC | 32.6 ± 1.1 | 32.3 ± 1.1 | 32.0 ± 1.1 | 0.743 | 0.652 |
| WLC versus Exp. | 0.278 | 0.094 | 0.017 | 0.016 | 0.008 |
| Quality of life energy and mobility subscale (range 0–100)b | |||||
| Experimental | 24.3 ± 3.7 | 19.0 ± 2.7 | 17.7 ± 2.6 | 0.044 | 0.033 |
| WLC | 22.8 ± 3.0 | 20.1 ± 3.0 | 21.3 ± 2.9 | 0.342 | 0.649 |
| WLC versus Exp. | 0.945 | 0.020 | 0.053 | 0.502 | 0.262 |
| Diabetes knowledge (range 0–10) | |||||
| Experimental | 5.4 ± 0.4 | 6.6 ± 0.34 | 5.8 ± 0.3 | 0.001 | 0.015 |
| WLC | 4.9 ± 0.4 | 2.6 ± 0.67 | 5.0 ± 0.4 | 0.871 | 0.754 |
| WLC versus Exp. | 0.335 | 0.001 | 0.137 | 0.024 | 0.059 |
Planned comparison results from linear mixed model with fixed effects for group, time, group × time, and covariates of age, gender and time from diagnosis and a random effect for subject nested within groups. BL, Baseline; Exp., experimental condition; Mo., months; WLC, wait-listed control group.
aBaseline HbA1c added as a covariate.
bLower scores equal better quality of life.