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. 2015 May 18;6:392. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00392

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Copyright © 2015 Davin-Regli and Pagès.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic illustration of resistance mechanism and their regulations. Different levels of regulation are presented: (i) Transcriptional and translational levels controlled by various sensors [two components systems (TCS), such as EnvZ/OmpR for porins], global regulators (RamA, MarA, SoxS are indicated here), and local regulators (AcrR for efflux pumps and OmpX for porins), the accumulation of trigger metabolites inside the bacterial cell can also trigger the expression via local or other regulators, MicF and MicC represent the small interfering RNA controlling porin mRNA stability. (ii) Translational and final membrane assembly in a functional conformation (via chaperones and membrane factors. Porins represent Omp35, Omp36; Efflux pumps represent the AcrAB–TolC family. IN, bacterial cytoplasm; OUT, external medium.