Table 1.

Reported Causes of Hepatic Portal Venous Gas

Abdominal Conditions	Mesenteric ischemia4 Necrotizing entercolitis Inflammatory bowel disease Diverticulitis Intra-abdominal sepsis Pneumatosis intestinalis Pancreatitis Bowel obstruction Suppurative cholangitis5 Bowel necrosis IIleus Peptic ulcer disease C. difficle colitis Infectious enteritis Gastric cancer1 Ileitis10 Volvulus2 Fecal impaction7
Iatrogenic	Corticosteroid therapy11 Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography Esophageal variceal banding Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy Endoscopic balloon dilation5 Upper endoscopy3 Air contrast barium enema Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle biopsy Sclerotherapy Colonoscopy9
Trauma	Gastric dilation Caustic ingestion12
Other	Liver transplant4 Gynecologic cancer2 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease11