Figure 4. Kāneʻohe Bay reef conditon over time.

Changes in coral reefs condition (percent coral cover) on shallow slopes (<2 m) of fringing and patch reefs during the Polynesian Era (1250–1778), the Western Era (1778–2015), and the Future Era (2015–2040). Percent coral cover during the Western Era is based on best available quantitative data. The Polynesian Era data is modified from Fig 4E in Kittinger et al., 2011. Future Era coral cover is estimated by the COMBO business as usual (red) (modified after Fig 7 in Buddemeier et al. (2008)) and by including coral adaptive responses (blue) RCP 6 with 60 year rolling climatology (modified after Fig. 3A in Logan et al. (2013)) in Kāneʻohe Bay.