Table 2.
DSM-IV Criteria for Substance Dependence | Corresponding RODS Question |
---|---|
Tolerance (marked increase in amount; marked decrease in effect) | Did you ever need to use more opioids to get the same high as when you first started using drugs?a |
Characteristic withdrawal symptoms; substance taken to relieve withdrawal | In the morning, did you ever use opioids to keep from feeling dope sick or did you ever feel dope sick? |
Substance taken in larger amount and for longer period than intended | Did you ever need to use more opioids to get the same high as when you first started using drugs?a |
Persistent desire or repeated unsuccessful attempt to quit | Did you find it difficult to stop or not use opioids? |
Much time/activity to obtain, use, recover | Did you ever need to spend a lot of time/energy on finding opioids or recovering from feeling high? |
Important social, occupational, or recreational activities given up or reduced | Did you ever miss important things like doctors’ appointments, family/friend activities, or other things because of opioids? |
Use continues despite knowledge of adverse consequences (e.g., failure to fulfill role obligation, use when physically hazardous) | Did the idea of missing a fix (or dose) ever make you anxious or worried? |
Clinical experience question (not associated with DSM-IV criteria for opioid dependence or opioid abuse) | Did you worry about your use of opioids? |
Note. DSM-IV = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth edition; RODS = Rapid Opioid Dependence Screen.
Denotes question in RODS that measured both items of DSM-IV criteria for opioid dependence.