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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 May 18.
Published in final edited form as: J Correct Health Care. 2015 Jan;21(1):12–26. doi: 10.1177/1078345814557513

Table 2.

DSM-IV Criteria for Substance Dependence and Comparison to Items in the RODS.

DSM-IV Criteria for Substance Dependence Corresponding RODS Question
Tolerance (marked increase in amount; marked decrease in effect) Did you ever need to use more opioids to get the same high as when you first started using drugs?a
Characteristic withdrawal symptoms; substance taken to relieve withdrawal In the morning, did you ever use opioids to keep from feeling dope sick or did you ever feel dope sick?
Substance taken in larger amount and for longer period than intended Did you ever need to use more opioids to get the same high as when you first started using drugs?a
Persistent desire or repeated unsuccessful attempt to quit Did you find it difficult to stop or not use opioids?
Much time/activity to obtain, use, recover Did you ever need to spend a lot of time/energy on finding opioids or recovering from feeling high?
Important social, occupational, or recreational activities given up or reduced Did you ever miss important things like doctors’ appointments, family/friend activities, or other things because of opioids?
Use continues despite knowledge of adverse consequences (e.g., failure to fulfill role obligation, use when physically hazardous) Did the idea of missing a fix (or dose) ever make you anxious or worried?
Clinical experience question (not associated with DSM-IV criteria for opioid dependence or opioid abuse) Did you worry about your use of opioids?

Note. DSM-IV = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth edition; RODS = Rapid Opioid Dependence Screen.

a

Denotes question in RODS that measured both items of DSM-IV criteria for opioid dependence.