Table 1.
Bivariate associations with not receiving ART among HIV-positive PWID in Bangkok, Thailand ( n = 128)
| Characteristic | Currently on ART | Odds ratio (95%CI) | p - value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No 58 (45.3%) | Yes 70 (54.7%) | |||
| Demographic | ||||
| Older age | ||||
| ≥38 years old | 30 (51.7%) | 35 (50.0%) | 1.07 (0.53 – 2.15) | 0.846 |
| <38 years old | 28 (48.3%) | 35 (50.0%) | ||
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 12 (20.7%) | 13 (18.6%) | 1.14 (0.48 – 2.75) | 0.764 |
| Male | 46 (79.3%) | 57 (81.4%) | ||
| Education attainment | ||||
| < Secondary education | 34 (58.6%) | 20 (28.6%) | 3.54 (1.70 – 7.39) | <0.001 |
| ≥ Secondary education | 24 (41.4%) | 50 (71.4%) | ||
| Substance use behaviour | ||||
| Heroin injection* | ||||
| Daily | 9 (15.5%) | 8 (11.4%) | 1.42 (0.51 – 3.96) | 0.497 |
| < Daily | 49 (84.5%) | 62 (88.6%) | ||
| Methamphetamine injection* | ||||
| Daily | 7 (12.1%) | 3 ( 4.3%) | 3.07 (0.65 – 19.10) | 0.184† |
| < Daily | 51 (87.9%) | 67 (95.7%) | ||
| Midazolam injection* | ||||
| Daily | 38 (65.5%) | 24 (34.3%) | 3.64 (1.75 – 7.58) | <0.001 |
| < Daily | 20 (34.5%) | 46 (65.7%) | ||
| Alcohol consumption* | ||||
| Daily | 3 ( 5.3%) | 3 ( 4.3%) | 1.24 (0.16 – 9.63) | >0.999† |
| < Daily | 54 (94.7%) | 67 (95.7%) | ||
| Experiences with drug law enforcement | ||||
| Ever beaten by police | ||||
| Yes | 33 (56.9%) | 28 (40.0%) | 1.98 (0.98 – 4.01) | 0.057 |
| No | 25 (43.1%) | 42 (60.0%) | ||
| Ever incarcerated | ||||
| Yes | 56 (96.6%) | 63 (90.0%) | 3.11 (0.56 – 31.65) | 0.182† |
| No | 2 ( 3.4%) | 7 (10.0%) | ||
| Ever in compulsory drug detention | ||||
| Yes | 13 (22.4%) | 6 ( 8.6%) | 3.08 (1.09 – 8.72) | 0.028 |
| No | 45 (77.6%) | 64 (91.4%) | ||
| Healthcare access | ||||
| Ever accessed methadone treatment | ||||
| Yes | 51 (87.9%) | 62 (88.6%) | 0.94 (0.32 – 2.77) | 0.911 |
| No | 7 (12.1%) | 8 (11.4%) | ||
| Ever received healthcare information or support services at the MSHRC | ||||
| Yes | 3 ( 5.2%) | 14 (20.0%) | 0.22 (0.06 – 0.80) | 0.014 |
| No | 55 (94.8%) | 56 (80.0%) | ||
| Reporting barriers to healthcare* | ||||
| Any | 33 (56.9%) | 48 (68.6%) | 0.61 (0.29 – 1.25) | 0.173 |
| None | 25 (43.1%) | 22 (31.4%) | ||
PWID: people who inject drugs; ART: antiretroviral treatment; CI: confidence interval; MSHRC: Mitsampan Harm Reduction Center.
*denotes activities in the previous 6 months.
†Fisher’s exact test was used.