Table 3.

The outcome after unilateral left vs. bilateral varicocelectomy and high ligation vs. the inguinal approach.

Mean (SD, range) variable	Left varicocele	Bilateral	P	High ligation	Inguinal	P
N (%)	35 (43)	47 (57)	40 (49)	42 (51)
Semen volume (mL)	2.69 (0.8, 1.5–4.5)	2.63 (0.8, 1.5–4.5)	0.735a	2.5 (0.7, 1.5–4.5)	2.8 (0.7, 1.5–4.5)	0.069a
Sperm density (106/mL)	20.7 (11.8, 2.5–48.9)	23.3 (16.4, 2.3–62.5)	0.419a	20.7 (12.5, 2.3–54.6)	23.6 (16.3, 2.5–62.5)	0.374a
% Motility	58.3 (11.2, 45–85)	60 (11.9, 40–85)	0.526a	60.3 (9.7, 40–85)	58.3 (13.2, 40–85)	0.436a
TMSC	34.0 (24.2, 4.38–79.6)	39.4 (30.9, 2.08–123)	0.397a	34.6 (27.7, 2.08–123)	39.5 (28.8, 4.38–110)	0.442a
% Abnormal forms	29.7 (12.1,15–55)	26.5 (5.3, 10–40)	0.113a	28.6 (7.4, 15–55)	27.2 (10.3, 10–55)	0.473a
BTV, mL	30.5 (2.5, 24.9–37.9)	30.7 (3.9, 22.7–38)	0.814a	30.9 (3.3, 22.7–38)	30.3 (3.4, 22.8–37.9)	0.375a
PSV (cm/s)	9.14 (1.4, 5.99–12.3)	9.67 (1.5, 6–14.5)	0.110a	9.09 (1.4, 5.99–11.8)	9.79 (1.5, 6–14.5)	0.031a
EDV (cm/s)	3.91 (0.82, 2.63–5.87)	4.99 (0.86, 3–7.32)	<0.001a	4.29 (0.9, 2.63––6.09)	4.77 (1.07, 3–7.32)	0.030a
RI	0.55 (0.05,0.46–0.67)	0.47 (0.05, 0.35–0.56)	<0.001a	0.51 (0.06, 0.41–0.67)	0.50 (0.07, 0.35–0.61)	0.277a
PI	0.85 (0.12, 0.69–1.06)	0.69 (0.09, 0.45–0.87)	<0.001a	0.79 (0.12, 0. 56–1.06)	0.74 (0.13, 0.45–0.96)	0.067a
Improvement, n (%)	21 (60)	31 (66)	0.646b	23 (58)	29 (69)	0.360b
Hydrocele, n (%)	–	–	–	2 (5)	0	0.235b
Venous backflow, n (%)	–	–	–	7 (18)	1 (2)	0.027b

^aStudent’s t-test for unpaired data, left vs. bilateral varicocelectomy and high inguinal (Palomo) vs. inguinal approach.

^bFisher’s exact test.