Table 1.

In vitro effects of CsA on different cell types

Reference	Cell type	CsA concentration	Conclusion
Positive effect
Chen at al. [58]	Rat MSC	0.5–5 µM (0.6–6 µg/mL)	Reduced apoptosis after hypoxia/reoxygenation
Fujiwara et al. [47]	Mouse/Human iPSC	1–3 µg/mL	Enhanced cardiac differentiation
Hunt et al. [49]	Mouse NPC	0.1–0.5 µg/mL	Enhanced proliferation, enhanced survival
Perry et al. [50]	Mouse HSPC/BMC	0.1–100 µg/mL	Enhanced proliferation in low dose, inhibition in high dose
Sachinidis et al. [51]	Mouse ESCs	1 µM (1.2 µg/mL)	Enhanced cardiac differentiation
Yan et al. [56]	Mouse ESC	1–3 µg/mL	Enhanced cardiac differentiation
Negative effect
Byun et al. [52]	Rat MSCs	50–500 nM (0.06–0.6 µg/mL)	No effect on proliferation
Davies et al. [53]	Porcine MNCs	0.001–0.2 µg/mL	Decreased proliferation, differentiation, migration of smooth muscle and endothelial outgrowth cells
Guo et al. [57]	Rat NSC	0.5–5 µg/mL	Decreased proliferation
Poncelet et al. [54]	Swine MSC	0.2 µg/mL	Reduced proliferation
Song et al. [55]	Mouse MSC	1–10 µM (1.2–12 µg/mL)	Reduced proliferation
Yang et al. [59]	Human EPC	0.01–10 µg/mL	Reduced proliferation, increased apoptosis, reduced angiogenesis

iPSC induced pluripotent stem cell, HSPC hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell, BMC Bone marrow cells, EB embryonic bodies, ESC embryonic stem cell, NPC neural precursor cell, MSC mesenchymal stem cell, MNC mononuclear cell, EPC endothelial progenitor cell, NSC neural stem cell