Table 1. Patient characteristics.
| 1-Year Smoking status | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Characteristic | Never smokers (n = 935) | Past smokers (n = 1,326) | Quitter (n = 189) | Persistent smokers (n = 315) | P-Value (quitters vs. persistent smokers) | P-Value across all 4 groups |
| Demographic variables | ||||||
| Age | 65.9 ± 11.0 | 66.6 ± 9.8 | 58.5 ± 9.2 | 57.3 ± 9.4 | 0.162 | <0.001 |
| Male sex | 582 (62.2) | 1052 (79.3) | 133 (70.4) | 214 (67.9) | 0.568 | <0.001 |
| Race/ethnicity | 0.203 | 0.011 | ||||
| White/Caucasian | 843 (91.4) | 1209 (92.6) | 168 (90.8) | 281 (90.1) | ||
| Black/African-American | 47 (5.1) | 56 (4.3) | 12 (6.5) | 28 (9.0) | ||
| Other | 32 (3.5) | 40 (3.1) | 5 (2.7) | 3 (1.0) | ||
| Unknown | 13 | 21 | 4 | 3 | ||
| High school graduate | 872 (93.5) | 1205 (91.1) | 170 (89.9) | 263 (84.0) | 0.062 | <0.001 |
| Married | 653 (70.0) | 949 (71.8) | 112 (59.9) | 161 (51.1) | 0.056 | <0.001 |
| No insurance | 12 (1.3) | 16 (1.2) | 16 (8.6) | 25 (8.0) | 0.825 | <0.001 |
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| Clinical and procedural variables | ||||||
| Body Mass Index | 30.3 ± 6.2 | 30.5 ± 5.8 | 30.4 ± 5.9 | 29.7 ± 6.5 | 0.233 | 0.186 |
| Pre-PCI creatinine level (mg/dL) | 1.1 ± 0.9 | 1.1 ± 0.8 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.6 | 0.951 | 0.002 |
| Diabetes | 298 (31.9) | 468 (35.3) | 46 (24.3) | 89 (28.3) | 0.337 | 0.004 |
| Dyslipidemia | 744 (79.6) | 1139 (85.9) | 139 (73.5) | 251 (79.7) | 0.111 | <0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 85 (9.1) | 120 (9.0) | 7 (3.7) | 18 (5.7) | 0.314 | 0.021 |
| Prior MI | 202 (21.6) | 378 (28.5) | 56 (29.6) | 106 (33.7) | 0.349 | <0.001 |
| Prior PCI | 345 (36.9) | 581 (43.8) | 65 (34.4) | 135 (42.9) | 0.060 | 0.002 |
| Prior CABG | 154 (16.5) | 341 (25.7) | 28 (14.8) | 35 (11.1) | 0.224 | <0.001 |
| Chronic heart failure | 61 (6.5) | 159 (12.0) | 21 (11.1) | 37 (11.7) | 0.829 | <0.001 |
| LV Ejection Fraction | 55.4 ± 11.6 | 53.4 ± 12.3 | 52.0 ± 13.3 | 52.7 ± 11.4 | 0.612 | 0.003 |
| LV Systolic Function | 0.476 | 0.166 | ||||
| Normal | 498 (78.2) | 647 (73.8) | 97 (72.4) | 161 (71.2) | ||
| Mildly Depressed | 77 (12.1) | 127 (14.5) | 18 (13.4) | 41 (18.1) | ||
| Moderately Depressed | 41 (6.4) | 52 (5.9) | 10 (7.5) | 15 (6.6) | ||
| Severely Depressed | 21 (3.3) | 51 (5.8) | 9 (6.7) | 9 (4.0) | ||
| Moderate or severe LV dysfunction | 62 (9.7) | 103 (11.7) | 19 (14.2) | 24 (10.6) | 0.314 | 0.405 |
| CCS angina class | 0.847 | 0.082 | ||||
| No symptoms | 173 (24.6) | 225 (22.9) | 37 (23.9) | 70 (28.2) | ||
| class I | 57 (8.1) | 71 (7.2) | 9 (5.8) | 14 (5.6) | ||
| class II | 168 (23.9) | 238 (24.2) | 33 (21.3) | 48 (19.4) | ||
| class III | 132 (18.8) | 226 (23.0) | 26 (16.8) | 45 (18.1) | ||
| class IV | 174 (24.7) | 223 (22.7) | 50 (32.3) | 71 (28.6) | ||
| Unknown | 231 | 343 | 34 | 67 | ||
| PCI Indication | 0.831 | <0.001 | ||||
| Staged procedure | 67 (7.2) | 74 (5.6) | 11 (5.8) | 17 (5.4) | ||
| Stable angina | 338 (36.1) | 514 (38.8) | 39 (20.6) | 75 (23.8) | ||
| Unstable angina | 324 (34.7) | 437 (33.0) | 65 (34.4) | 103 (32.7) | ||
| NSTEMI | 152 (16.3) | 218 (16.4) | 57 (30.2) | 92 (29.2) | ||
| STEMI | 24 (2.6) | 19 (1.4) | 6 (3.2) | 15 (4.8) | ||
| Other | 30 (3.2) | 64 (4.8) | 11 (5.8) | 13 (4.1) | ||
| Acute coronary syndrome | 500 (53.3) | 674 (50.8) | 128 (67.7) | 210 (66.7) | 0.807 | <0.001 |
| STEMI | 24 (2.6) | 19 (1.4) | 6 (3.2) | 15 (4.8) | 0.388 | 0.004 |
| Use of DES | 780 (83.6) | 1,095 (82.6) | 156 (83.0) | 246 (78.1) | 0.186 | 0.169 |
| Number of diseased vessels | 1.5 ± 0.7 | 1.6 ± 0.8 | 1.5 ± 0.8 | 1.5 ± 0.7 | 0.469 | <0.001 |
| Number of treated vessels | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 0.885 | 0.692 |
| Number of cardiac medications at discharge | 3.9 ± 1.0 | 4.0 ± 1.0 | 3.8 ± 1.0 | 3.9 ± 0.9 | 0.387 | 0.495 |
| Dual antiplatelet therapy | 904 (97.0) | 1,276 (96.3) | 181 (95.8) | 306 (97.1) | 0.407 | 0.686 |
| Post-procedure bleeding | 24 (2.6) | 36 (2.7) | 3 (1.6) | 6 (1.9) | 1.000 | 0.798 |
Data are reported as number (percentage) of patients unless otherwise indicated. CABG indicates coronary artery bypass grafting; CCS, Canadian Cardiovascular Society; DES, drug-eluting stents; LV, left ventricular; MI, myocardial infarction; NSTEMI, non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; STEMI, ST-elevation myocardial infarction.