Table 1. Health and Demographic Characteristics of US Adults With Diabetes Aged 19 to 64 Years, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey 2011 and 2012.
| Characteristica | ≤138% Federal Poverty Level |
>138% Federal Poverty Level |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Uninsuredb (95% CI) | Insuredb (95% CI) | P Valuec | Uninsuredb (95% CI) | Insuredb (95% CI) | P Valuec | ||
| Diabetes prevalence | 5.6 (4.8–6.6) | 10.5 (9.3–11.6) | <.001 | 4.8 (4.0–5.6) | 6.7 (6.1–7.2) | <.001 | |
| Unweighted sample (n = 1,568) | 325 | 774 | — | 318 | 1791 | — | |
| Weighted sample (n = 13,084,968) | 770,404 | 2,529,894 | — | 1,024,650 | 8,704,030 | — | |
| Demographic characteristic | |||||||
| Age (mean), y | 49.8 (48.4–51.1) | 50.8 (49.8–51.9) | .19 | 51.8 (50.2–53.5) | 52.3 (51.6–53.0) | .62 | |
| Female | 51.1 (43.6–58.6) | 53.9 (49.2–58.7) | .52 | 43.6 (35.0–52.2) | .464 | .57 | |
| Race/ethnicity nonwhite | 68.1 (58.9–77.3) | 53.2 (46.3–60.1) | .007 | 54.7 (45.2–64.3) | 35.4 (31.8–39.0) | <.001 | |
| Years of education, mean | 11.3 (10.7–11.9) | 11.6 (11.3–12.0) | .28 | 11.7(11.1–12.3) | 13.5(13.4–13.7) | <.001 | |
| Ever employed in calendar year 2011 or 2012 | 42.7 (35.1–50.3) | 26.6 (21.8–31.5) | <.001 | 69.6 (61.7–77.6) | 73.8 (71.0–76.5) | .33 | |
| Census region: Northeast | 8.1 (4.4–14.7) | 20.8 (15.7–27.0) | .002 | 14.4 (8.7–22.7) | 14.6 (12.0–17.7) | .22 | |
| Census region: Midwest | 18.7 (12.7–26.6) | 18.4 (14.6–22.8) | 16.7 (11.2–24.1) | 23.8 (19.5–28.7) | |||
| Census region: South | 55.8 (46.7–64.5) | 38.7 (33.0–44.7) | 44.0 (35.5–53.0) | 43.2 (39.2–47.3) | |||
| Census region: West | 17.4 (11.4–25.7) | 22.1 (17.3–27.9) | 24.9 (18.3–32.9) | 18.4 (15.6–21.4) | |||
| Urban/metropolitan statistical area | 82.8 (76.3–89.2) | 76.7 (70.1–83.4) | .15 | 87.7 (81.6–93.7) | 83.0 (79.3–86.6) | .16 | |
| Type of health insurance in 2011 or 2012 | |||||||
| Medicaid | — | 47.8 (41.4–54.4) | <.001 | — | 6.9 (5.6–8.6) | <.001 | |
| Medicare | — | 12.9 (10.1–16.4) | — | 9.0 (7.2–11.2) | |||
| Both Medicaid and Medicare | — | 17.1 (13.2–21.8) | — | 2.6 (1.8–3.8) | |||
| Private insurance | — | 18.1 (13.7–23.5) | — | 78.8 (75.8–81.4) | |||
| TRICARE/CHAMPVAd | — | 3.1 (15.1–6.2) | — | 1.9 (1.3–2.9) | |||
| Other public insurance | — | 1.0 (0.4–2.4) | — | 0.8 (0.4–1.7) | |||
| Diabetes and associated conditions | |||||||
| Age of onset, y | 40.3 (38.0–42.6) | 39.6 (37.9–41.2) | .58 | 41.8 (39.4–44.1) | 41.9 (40.8–42.9) | .95 | |
| Years since diagnosis | 9.5 (7.6–11.5) | 11.1 (9.8–12.3) | .14 | 10.2 (8.2–12.2) | 10.5 (9.6–11.4) | .82 | |
| Kidney problems | 12.9 (7.4–18.3) | 15.0 (11.2–18.8) | .48 | 12.5 (6.8–18.2) | 7.9 (6.2–9.7) | .12 | |
| Eye problems | 24.9 (17.6–32.2) | 28.8 (24.1–33.5) | .38 | 20.8 (13.8–27.8) | 16.7 (14.0–19.3) | .26 | |
| Physical health and comorbidities | |||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 32.7 (31.4–33.9) | 33.8 (33.0–34.7) | .14 | 31.5 (30.4–32.6) | 33.5 (32.8–34.2) | .002 | |
| BMI overweight (25.0–29.9) | 28.5 (21.7–36.3) | 22.4 (18.3–27.1) | .17 | 33.8 (26.8–41.5) | 24.7 (21.8–28.0) | .02 | |
| BMI obese I (30–34.9) | 26.5 (20.5–33.5) | 26.9 (22.5–31.9) | .91 | 29.7 (23.5–36.8) | 28.7 (25.9–31.7) | .78 | |
| BMI obese II/IIIe (≥35.0)) | 34.4 (27.0–42.5) | 38.9 (33.4–44.8) | .34 | 24.3 (17.8–32.4) | 35.4 (31.7–39.3) | .01 | |
| High blood pressure/hypertension | 72.0 (65.1–78.9) | 76.3 (71.8–80.7) | .31 | 72.9 (65.8–80.0) | 68.7 (65.4–71.9) | .27 | |
| Coronary heart disease, angina, acute myocardial infarction, other heart disease | 20.0 (12.9–27.1) | 32.2 (26.9–37.4) | .007 | 22.0 (15.0–29.0) | 21.9 (18.8–25.0) | .99 | |
| Stroke | 4.5 (0.6–9.7) | 13.0 (9.6–16.4) | .007 | 7.7 (2.5–12.8) | 6.2 (4.7–7.7) | .60 | |
| Emphysema | 1.2 (0.0–2.6) | 6.2 (4.7–7.7) | .002 | 1.8 (0.0–4.1) | 1.8 (1.0–2.6) | .97 | |
| Chronic bronchitis | 4.5 (1.5–7.6) | 12.4 (8.1–16.7) | .004 | 8.0 (2.9–13.1) | 5.5 (3.7–7.2) | .36 | |
| High blood cholesterol | 60.5 (52.1–69.0) | 68.8 (64.3–73.3) | .09 | 53.8 (44.5–63.1) | 67.3 (64.3–70.4) | .008 | |
| Cancer | 7.5 (3.5–11.4) | 11.6 (8.6–14.6) | .10 | 9.5 (2.4–16.6) | 13.0 (10.3–15.7) | .39 | |
| Joint pain | 57.2 (49.6–64.9) | 71.7 (67.4–75.9) | .001 | 60.0 (51.6–68.3) | 64.2 (60.7–67.6) | .36 | |
| Arthritis | 36.5 (29.0–44.0) | 54.6 (48.7–60.5) | .001 | 30.0 (21.9–38.2) | 39.8 (36.1–43.4) | .04 | |
| Asthma | 9.9 (5.3–14.5) | 26.5 (21.3–31.7) | <.001 | 10.1 (4.4–15.8) | 11.6 (9.7–13.6) | .62 | |
| Self-rated general health as fair or poor versus excellent, very good, or good | 56.9 (48.9–64.8) | 59.2 (53.8–64.6) | .64 | 40.0 (32.5–47.6) | 30.2 (27.2–33.2) | .02 | |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval.
a
Values are percentages unless otherwise noted.
b
Tests of insurance status are between >138% federal poverty level insured and ≤138% federal poverty level. All other tests are by insurance status within income groups. All results were weighted to be nationally representative.
c
Tests of significance were computed by using survey-specific t tests for continuous variables, proportions tests for binary variables, and χ2 tests for proportions.
d
TRICARE/CHAMPVA is coverage for military families and dependents through the TRICARE system and Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs (CHAMPVA).
e
Obese class II = BMI 35.0–39.9; obese class III = BMI ≥40.